Model trees
Model trees used in all analyses
Tree 1
Latin
Romanian
Italian
Friulian
Portuguese
Spanish
Catalan
French
Walloon
Tree 2
Latin
Romanian
Friulian
Italian
Portuguese
Spanish
Catalan
French
Walloon
Tree 3
Latin
Romanian
Portuguese
Spanish
Catalan
French
Walloon
Friulian
Italian
Partitions
Long Vowel
/eː/
/oː/
/uː/
/aː/
/iː/
/øː/
Nasal Vowel
/ɐ̃w/
/ɛ̃/
/ẽ/
/ɑ̃/
/ɐ̃/
/ɔ̃/
/õ/
/ĩ/
/ũ/
/œ̃/
/ɐ̃j/
Diphthong
/o̯a/
/ɨj/
/ɨw/
/ɔj/
/au̯/
/ej/
/ɛj/
/e̯a/
/aj/
/oj/
/ɐj/
Short Vowel
/o/
/i/
/a/
/ə/
/ɐ/
/ɔ/
/e/
/u/
/ɨ/
/y/
/ɛ/
/œ/
/ɑ/
/ø/
Nasal Consonant
/m/
/n/
/ɲ/
/ŋ/
Liquid
/l/
/ʎ/
/r/
/ɾ/
/ʁ/
/ʀ/
Approximant
/j/
/ɥ/
/w/
Affricate
/ʧ/
/ʦ/
/ʤ/
Fricative
/ʃ/
/x/
/v/
/f/
/s/
/h/
/ʝ/
/z/
/ʒ/
/θ/
/ɣ/
Stop
/d/
/k/
/c/
/p/
/b/
/t/
/ɡ/
/ɡʷ/
/kʲ/
/kʷ/
Segment Property
Voiced
/d/
/m/
/n/
/ɲ/
/j/
/l/
/ʎ/
/r/
/b/
/ɾ/
/v/
/ʁ/
/ɥ/
/ɡ/
/w/
/ʝ/
/ɡʷ/
/ʤ/
/z/
/ʒ/
/ɣ/
/ŋ/
Segment
/ŋ/
Voiced
Pulmonic
Nasal
Occlusive
ʧiŋkwe
Nasal Consonant
Latin
Latin
dominam
kanem
peːdukulum
arborem
fruːktum
seːmentia
ɡraːnum
folia
floːrem
herbam
pellem
karnem
sanɡʷinem
ossum
oːwum
kau̯dam
pennam
kaput
au̯rikulam
okulum
bukkam
dentem
unɡulam
pedem
ɡenikulum
pantikem
fiːkaːtum
luːnam
steːllam
akʷam
pluwiam
riːwum
mare
salem
petram
terram
kajlum
wentum
fokum
montem
noctem
annum
linɡʷam
eɡoː
woːs
tuː
bibere
riːdeːre
wideːre
au̯diːre
koɡnoːskere
pensaːre
sentiːre
dormiːre
battere
taliaːre
weniːre
jakeːre
levaːre
tornaːre
kadere
teneːre
strinɡere
lawaːre
koːnsuere
diːkere
kantaːre
jokaːre
kurrere
inflaːre
kreːskere
toːtum
alterum
lonɡum
larɡum
krassum
striktum
minuːtum
kalidum
pleːnum
nowum
wetulum
bonum
rotundum
sikkum
wiːkiːnum
russum
wiridem
niɡrum
uːnum
treːs
kʷattwor
kʷiːnkʷe
illaːk
kʷid
kʷandoː
noːn
ad
in
et
siːk
siː
Unique Segments
au̯
0061, 0075, 032f
Open Central Vowel Diphthong
e̯a
0065, 032f, 0061
Close-mid Front Vowel
Diphthong Non-Sylabic
o̯a
006f, 032f, 0061
Close-mid Back Vowel
Diphthong Non-Sylabic
ɐ̃j
0250, 0303, 006a
Near-open Central Nasal Vowel
Diphthong
ɐ̃w
0250, 0303, 0077
Open Central Nasal Vowel
Diphthong
aj
0061, 006a
Near-open Near-Front Vowel
Diphthong
aː
0061, 02d0
Open Central Vocoid Long
Vowel Continuant
ej
0065, 006a
Mid Front Vowel Diphthong
eː
0065, 02d0
Mid Front Vocoid Long Vowel
Continuant
iː
0069, 02d0
Close Front Vocoid Long Vowel
Continuant
kʲ
006b, 02b2
Palatal Stop Palatalized
kʷ
006b, 02b7
Labial-Velar Pulmonic Stop
Occlusive Labial Velar
oj
006f, 006a
Close-mid Back Vowel
Diphthong
oː
006f, 02d0
Mid Back Rounded Vocoid Long
Vowel Continuant
uː
0075, 02d0
Close Back Rounded Long
Vowel
øː
00f8, 02d0
Open Front Rounded Vocoid
Long Vowel
œ̃
0153, 0303
Open-mid Near-Front Rounded
Nasal Vowel Diphthong
ɐj
0250, 006a
Near-open Central Vowel
Diphthong
ɐ̃
0250, 0303
Near-open Central Rounded
Nasal Vowel
ɑ̃
0251, 0303
Near-close Back Nasal Vowel
ɔj
0254, 006a
Open-mid Back Vowel
Diphthong
ɔ̃
0254, 0303
Open-mid Back Rounded Nasal
Vowel
ɛj
025b, 006a
Open-mid Near-Front Vowel
Diphthong
ɛ̃
025b, 0303
Open-mid Near-Front Nasal
Vowel
ɡʷ
0261, 02b7
Labial-Velar Voiced Pulmonic
Stop Occlusive Labial Velar
ɨj
0268, 006a
Close Central Vowel Diphthong
ɨw
0268, 0077
Close Central Vowel Diphthong
a
0061
Open Near-Front Vocoid Vowel
Continuant
b
0062
Bilabial Voiced Pulmonic Stop
Occlusive
c
0063
Palatal Pulmonic Stop Occlusive
d
0064
Alveolar Voiced Pulmonic Stop
Occlusive
e
0065
Close-mid Front Vocoid Vowel
Continuant
f
0066
Labio-Dental Pulmonic Fricative
Strident Obstruent Continuant
Labial Dental
h
0068
Glottal Pulmonic Fricative
i
0069
Close Front Vocoid Vowel
Continuant
j
006a
Palatal Vocoid Semivowel
Voiced Pulmonic Approximant
Continuant
k
006b
Velar Pulmonic Stop Occlusive
l
006c
Alveolar Vocoid Voiced
Pulmonic Lateral Approximant
Rhotic Liquid
m
006d
Bilabial Voiced Pulmonic Nasal
Occlusive
n
006e
Alveolar Voiced Pulmonic Nasal
Occlusive
o
006f
Close-mid Back Rounded
Vocoid Vowel Continuant
p
0070
Bilabial Pulmonic Stop
Occlusive
r
0072
Alveolar Voiced Pulmonic Trill
Rhotic Vibrant Liquid
s
0073
Alveolar Pulmonic Sibilant
Fricative Strident Obstruent
Continuant
t
0074
Alveolar Pulmonic Stop
Occlusive
u
0075
Close Back Rounded Vocoid
Vowel Continuant
v
0076
Labio-Dental Voiced Pulmonic
Fricative Strident Obstruent
Continuant Labial Dental
w
0077
Labial-Velar Vocoid Semivowel
Voiced Approximant
Continuant Labial Velar
x
0078
Velar Pulmonic Fricative
Obstruent Continuant
y
0079
Close Front Rounded Vocoid
Vowel Continuant
z
007a
Alveolar Voiced Pulmonic
Sibilant Fricative Strident
Obstruent Continuant
õ
00f5
Close-mid Back Rounded Nasal
Vowel
ø
00f8
Close-mid Front Rounded
Vocoid Vowel Continuant
ĩ
0129
Close Front Nasal Vowel
ŋ
014b
Velar Voiced Pulmonic Nasal
Occlusive
œ
0153
Open-mid Near-Front Rounded
Vocoid Vowel Continuant
ũ
0169
Open Back Nasal Vowel
ɐ
0250
Near-open Central Rounded
Vowel
ɑ
0251
Open Back Vocoid Vowel
Continuant
ɔ
0254
Open-mid Back Rounded
Vocoid Vowel Continuant
ə
0259
Close-mid Central Vowel
ɛ
025b
Open-mid Near-Front Vocoid
Vowel Continuant
ɡ
0261
Velar Voiced Pulmonic Stop
Occlusive
ɣ
0263
Velar Voiced Pulmonic Fricative
Obstruent Continuant
ɥ
0265
Labial-Palatal Vocoid
Semivowel Voiced Approximant
Continuant Palatalized Labial
ɨ
0268
Close Central Vowel
ɲ
0272
Palatal Voiced Pulmonic Nasal
Occlusive
ɾ
027e
Alveolar Voiced Pulmonic
Tap/Flap Rhotic Vibrant Liquid
ʀ
0280
Uvular Pulmonic Trill Rhotic
Vibrant Liquid
ʁ
0281
Uvular Voiced Pulmonic
Fricative Rhotic Strident
Obstruent Continuant Liquid
ʃ
0283
Post-Alveolar Pulmonic Sibilant
Fricative Strident Obstruent
Continuant
ʎ
028e
Palatal Vocoid Voiced Pulmonic
Lateral Approximant Rhotic
Liquid
ʒ
0292
Post-Alveolar Voiced Pulmonic
Sibilant Fricative Strident
Obstruent Continuant
ʝ
029d
Palatal Voiced Pulmonic
Fricative Obstruent Continuant
ʤ
02a4
Palato-Alveolar Voiced Sibilant
Affricate
ʦ
02a6
Alveolar Pulmonic Sibilant
Affricate Occlusive Strident
ʧ
02a7
Palato-Alveolar Pulmonic
Sibilant Affricate
θ
03b8
Dental Pulmonic Fricative
Obstruent Continuant Dental
ẽ
1ebd
Close Back Nasal Vowel
Segment Assignments
0
d
1
o
2
m
3
i
4
n
5
a
6
o̯a
7
ə
8
ɐ
9
ɲ
10
ɔ
11
e
12
k
13
ɨj
14
ɐ̃w
15
ʃ
16
j
17
ɛ̃
18
ʧ
19
c
20
p
21
eː
22
u
23
l
24
ʎ
25
x
26
oː
27
r
28
b
29
ɾ
30
v
31
ɨ
32
ʁ
33
f
34
uː
35
t
36
ɥ
37
y
38
s
39
ʦ
40
ẽ
41
ɑ̃
42
ɛ
43
ɡ
44
aː
45
ɨw
46
œ
47
ɔj
48
w
49
h
50
ʝ
51
ɑ
52
ɡʷ
53
ʤ
54
ɐ̃
55
ɔ̃
56
au̯
57
ø
58
iː
59
ej
60
ʀ
61
ɛj
62
kʲ
63
z
64
ʒ
65
θ
66
e̯a
67
kʷ
68
aj
69
õ
70
oj
71
ĩ
72
ɐj
73
øː
74
ɣ
75
ũ
76
œ̃
77
ŋ
78
ɐ̃j
Prior Segment Transition Counts
The number of times that a segment on the left vertical bar differs from any other other segment at the same position.
The rates of transitions to and from gaps are ignored. Partitions are ordered by frequency of occurrance. Transition
counts are shown in a scaled color box. The chart has diagonal symmetry.
1
1
1
1
32
120
3
4
2
2
1
1
4
2
1
18
8
109
10
3
4
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
31
2
2
1
14
10
4
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
4
2
1
17
31
2
12
1
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
37
8
1
6
3
2
5
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
5
1
7
2
6
1
21
41
1
14
6
6
9
2
1
4
2
5
4
5
3
2
1
2
18
14
37
14
3
3
2
1
1
6
1
2
1
1
6
7
31
22
4
12
3
7
4
1
23
1
8
4
3
3
2
2
5
1
4
1
20
4
1
6
2
8
9
5
6
1
20
1
4
1
1
3
2
1
1
9
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
2
11
17
2
3
12
1
3
2
1
1
3
16
1
5
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
12
12
6
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
5
1
3
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
5
1
1
1
2
6
1
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
5
2
3
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
5
32
18
31
1
3
2
21
18
6
23
4
2
1
1
16
3
6
1
2
5
190
17
35
250
203
130
14
69
33
10
17
6
120
8
2
1
41
14
7
20
9
2
1
1
6
1
4
5
190
49
25
73
110
14
25
93
2
1
24
2
17
37
1
31
1
1
8
1
5
5
11
12
5
2
17
321
29
9
9
66
1
5
12
24
1
1
6
3
10
6
2
1
31
8
22
9
3
17
12
5
1
1
5
35
49
321
21
19
12
131
5
2
22
6
2
10
1
3
109
14
1
1
14
37
8
20
1
3
2
5
2
1
1
2
2
1
250
25
29
21
55
59
7
30
4
8
2
8
1
7
3
20
1
3
4
10
10
2
2
6
14
4
4
1
3
3
5
2
5
2
203
73
9
19
55
12
10
18
6
2
4
1
4
3
1
2
3
4
6
3
4
3
1
1
130
110
9
12
59
12
16
33
3
2
12
6
12
5
1
12
6
1
3
14
14
66
131
7
10
2
10
4
2
2
1
4
2
1
1
9
3
3
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
69
25
5
30
18
16
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
33
93
1
2
4
6
33
1
1
1
1
5
3
3
1
1
10
2
5
22
8
2
3
10
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
17
1
12
6
2
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
1
1
24
2
8
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
6
24
1
4
2
1
1
2
22
104
5
1
1
22
4
104
4
3
3
1
5
28
406
224
4
2
6
9
3
1
7
28
6
3
84
7
33
1
2
27
2
5
1
406
6
108
3
2
224
3
108
1
2
2
1
3
84
15
6
2
2
4
3
1
2
6
10
2
2
7
2
3
1
65
13
1
13
26
3
20
3
33
15
3
9
14
2
4
8
4
2
1
1
10
1
1
1
1
2
34
7
8
15
13
3
19
71
6
6
3
6
2
1
9
2
1
1
34
2
3
3
5
6
1
18
1
2
5
1
1
30
34
2
5
68
14
4
17
13
16
6
4
6
1
65
1
9
1
2
128
13
7
1
9
7
1
12
11
8
1
68
7
2
1
7
6
8
46
14
7
3
1
14
34
1
1
3
4
5
2
2
1
9
1
2
15
2
14
3
1
5
2
1
5
13
2
6
4
3
4
2
4
1
10
3
27
2
8
3
1
5
1
7
13
1
17
7
5
3
2
4
1
3
13
6
2
3
1
4
9
2
19
30
16
8
1
1
2
8
78
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
71
5
6
46
2
5
10
4
1
8
8
62
43
29
5
1
3
3
5
13
6
2
13
78
2
2
12
14
7
1
8
22
4
1
2
2
26
1
128
11
1
22
6
1
1
18
9
4
62
2
4
6
4
10
6
7
1
43
1
6
4
1
29
2
4
2
3
1
5
1
1
1
10
aː
iː
eː
oː
uː
øː
ɑ̃
ɛ̃
ɔ̃
ẽ
ĩ
õ
ɐ̃
ɐ̃w
œ̃
ũ
ɐ̃j
o̯a
e̯a
au̯
ɐj
ej
ɔj
aj
ɛj
oj
ɨw
ɨj
e
a
u
o
i
ɛ
ə
ɔ
ɨ
ɐ
œ
ø
y
ɑ
n
m
ɲ
ŋ
r
l
ɾ
ʁ
ʎ
ʀ
w
j
ɥ
ʧ
ʤ
ʦ
s
v
f
ʃ
ʒ
z
x
ʝ
θ
h
ɣ
t
k
d
p
b
ɡ
c
kʷ
kʲ
ɡʷ
aː
iː
eː
oː
uː
øː
ɑ̃
ɛ̃
ɔ̃
ẽ
ĩ
õ
ɐ̃
ɐ̃w
œ̃
ũ
ɐ̃j
o̯a
e̯a
au̯
ɐj
ej
ɔj
aj
ɛj
oj
ɨw
ɨj
e
a
u
o
i
ɛ
ə
ɔ
ɨ
ɐ
œ
ø
y
ɑ
n
m
ɲ
ŋ
r
l
ɾ
ʁ
ʎ
ʀ
w
j
ɥ
ʧ
ʤ
ʦ
s
v
f
ʃ
ʒ
z
x
ʝ
θ
h
ɣ
t
k
d
p
b
ɡ
c
kʷ
kʲ
ɡʷ
Words containing each segment
au̯
kau̯dam
kau̯dɐ
au̯rikulam
au̯diːre
au̯zi
e̯a
ste̯a
be̯a
vede̯a
zəʧe̯a
kəde̯a
o̯a
do̯amnə
fo̯aje
flo̯are
ko̯adə
plo̯aje
no̯apte
kuno̯aʃte
ko̯ase
ɐ̃j
ɐ̃j
ɐ̃w
kɐ̃w
ɡɾɐ̃w
nɐ̃w
aj
ajɡwə
kajlum
aː
ɡraːnum
caːr
caːf
fiːkaːtum
fiaːt
maːr
saːl
pensaːre
pensaː
taliaːre
tajaː
levaːre
levaː
tornaːre
tornaː
lawaːre
lavaː
kantaːre
cantaː
jokaːre
ʤujaː
inflaːre
enflaː
illaːk
ej
ɔʁej
trej
eː
peːdukulum
seːmentia
oreːle
steːllam
riːdeːre
wideːre
jakeːre
teneːre
kreːskere
pleːnum
treːs
treː
iː
ʧiːf
piːt
fiːkaːtum
riːwum
ʧiːl
riːdeːre
au̯diːre
uldiː
sentiːre
sintiː
dormiːre
durmiː
weniːre
viɲiː
strɛnʤiː
diːkere
diː
wiːkiːnum
kʷiːnkʷe
siːk
siː
kʲ
okʲ
ʤenunkʲ
vekʲ
kʷ
akʷam
kʷattwor
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fɔj
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strɛ̃nd
plɛ̃
plɛ̃
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dominam
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dam
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ĩʃaɾ
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altɾə
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kal
calt
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kʷattwor
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kwat
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la
la
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la
la
la
la
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ad
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
b
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jerbe
ɛrba
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ben
limbə
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bus
bibere
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can
caːr
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cade
cantaː
calt
d
dominam
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dɔnə
dam
dam
dɔne
dɔnna
peːdukulum
pədukje
pedoːli
pidɔkkjo
kau̯dam
ko̯adə
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kɔdɛ
koda
dentem
dinte
dẽtɨ
djente
den
dɑ̃
dɛ̃
dint
dɛnte
pedem
pjɛde
fiɡɐdu
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pedɾə
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rɨde
ridi
ridere
wideːre
vede̯a
vjodi
vedere
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uldiː
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duɾmiɾ
doɾmiɾ
duɾmi
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dwɛʁmi
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dormire
kadere
kəde̯a
cade
kadere
etʁɛ̃dʁ
strɛ̃nd
kudʁ
diːkere
dizeɾ
deθiɾ
di
diʁ
dir
diː
dire
todu
todo
dut
miudu
menudo
kalidum
kald
kaldu
kaldo
kaldo
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rətund
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rədo
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wiridem
verde
veɾdɨ
beɾde
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kʷid
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kwand
kwand
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ad
e
dɔne
kanem
kɨjne
kane
pədukje
pedoːli
arborem
arbore
albero
seːmentia
simjente
səmen
semɛnʧɛ
semente
fo̯aje
fwee
floːrem
flo̯are
fjore
herbam
ʝeɾba
eɾbə
jerbe
pellem
pjele
pjel
peʎ
pɛlle
karnem
karne
kaɾne
karne
sanɡʷinem
sɨnʤe
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sanɡwe
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penɐ
peɲa
pɛne
penna
urekje
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orekkja
dentem
dinte
djente
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dɛnte
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piez
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pantikem
pɨnteʧe
panʦe
feʤə
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estɾeʝa
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stɛle
stella
aɡe
plo̯aje
ploje
mare
mare
mer
mare
salem
sare
se
sale
petram
pjedɾa
pedɾə
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terram
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ter
tjɛre
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θjelo
wentum
bjento
ben
fweɡo
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munte
monte
monte
noctem
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jew
ew
bibere
bɨbeɾ
bebeɾ
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bere
riːdeːre
rɨde
reiɾ
ridere
wideːre
vede̯a
veɾ
beɾ
vedere
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udire
koɡnoːskere
kuno̯aʃte
kuɲɨseɾ
konoθeɾ
konoʃʃere
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pensaɾ
pɑ̃se
pɛ̃se
pensaː
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sentiːre
sentiɾ
sentire
dormiːre
dormire
battere
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bɐteɾ
battere
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tɑje
taʎʎare
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beniɾ
venire
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jesi
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levaːre
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ləve
lɛve
levaː
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tuʁne
turne
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lave
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kurʤe
kuʁeɾ
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kreʃte
kɾɨʃseɾ
kɾeθeɾ
kɾeʃə
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lwenɡo
estɾeʧo
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menudo
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wetulum
vekʲ
bjexo
beʎ
vjeli
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sek
seku
seko
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veʧin
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ver
verde
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neri
nero
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tre
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en
et
je
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e
e
se
se
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ɲuːf
h
herbam
ɔhɛ
kinɔh
krɛh
vɛhɛ̃
i
dominam
pedoːli
pidɔkkjo
fʁɥi
seːmentia
simjente
simẽs
ɡrin
folia
sanɡʷinem
au̯rikulam
voli
dinte
dint
piez
pi
ɡenikulum
inoxo
ʤenoli
ʤinɔkkjo
pantikem
fikat
fiɡɐdu
iɡado
fiaːt
pluwiam
plɥi
ʁiu
rio
riw
riu
rio
pir
sir
vint
nit
nɥi
linɡʷam
limbə
linɡwa
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io
voi
ti
bibere
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reiɾ
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rir
ridi
ridere
wideːre
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ui
uiʁ
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udire
kinɔh
koɲɔsi
simʦi
sẽtiɾ
sentiɾ
sənti
sɑ̃tiʁ
sɛ̃ti
sintiː
sentire
dormi
duɾmiɾ
doɾmiɾ
duɾmi
dɔʁmiʁ
dwɛʁmi
dormire
batiɾ
bati
taliaːre
tɛji
veni
viɾ
beniɾ
bəni
vəniʁ
vini
viɲiː
venire
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jesi
kɐiɾ
ʦine
təni
təniʁ
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tiɲi
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kuzi
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ziʧe
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deθiɾ
di
diʁ
dir
dire
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kɔri
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inʧaɾ
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enfiare
krɛsi
altri
striktum
minuːtum
miudu
minuːt
minuto
kalidum
plin
vi
vjeli
sikkum
veʧin
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beθino
bəi
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wiridem
niɡrum
neri
kwatri
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θinko
sink
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kʷid
in
in
in
i
i
i
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si
si
si
si
si
si
si
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ʃjɛ̃
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pidɔkkjo
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fjore
jarbə
jɛp
jerbe
pjele
pjel
pjɛl
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orekkja
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uj
ɔkkjo
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pje
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ploje
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pjɛtra
tjera
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jo
vjodi
təja
tɑje
tɛji
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ʤujaː
pjɛno
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vjø
vjeli
vɛkkjo
je
k
kanem
kɨjne
kɐ̃w
kan
ka
kane
peːdukulum
pədukje
pidɔkkjo
fruːktum
frukt
karnem
karne
kaɾnɨ
kaɾne
kaɾn
karne
sank
kau̯dam
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kola
kuə
kø
kɔw
kɔdɛ
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kaput
kap
kabu
kabo
kap
kapo
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okulum
ɔkkjo
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bukə
bokɐ
boka
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bokka
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ʤinɔkkjo
pantikem
fiːkaːtum
fikat
akkwa
kajlum
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fok
fɔk
fuːk
fwɔko
koɡnoːskere
kuno̯aʃte
kuɲɨseɾ
konoθeɾ
kunɛʃə
kɔnɛtʁ
kinɔh
koɲɔsi
konoʃʃere
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kadere
kəde̯a
kɐiɾ
kaeɾ
kawɾə
kadere
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ko̯ase
kuzeɾ
koseɾ
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kudʁ
køz
kuzi
kuʧire
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kantaːre
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kantare
jokaːre
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koreɾ
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kɔri
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kreʃte
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kɾeθeɾ
kɾeʃə
kʁwatʁ
krɛh
krɛsi
kreʃʃere
lunk
ʎaɾk
lark
krassum
krɑ
striktum
kalidum
kald
kaldu
kaldo
kal
kaldo
vɛkkjo
sikkum
sek
seku
seko
sɛk
sɛk
sɛk
sekko
wiːkiːnum
kwatɾu
kwatɾo
kwatɾə
katʁ
kwat
kwatri
kwattro
sĩku
θinko
sink
sɛ̃k
sɛ̃k
ʧink
ʧiŋkwe
illaːk
kɨ
ke
kɛ
kwa
kwɛ
ke
kɨnd
kwɐ̃du
kwando
kwan
kɑ̃
kwand
kwand
kwando
siːk
l
peːdukulum
pedoːli
aɾbol
arbul
albero
folia
floːrem
flo̯are
floɾ
floɾ
flɔ
flœʁ
flœr
floːr
pellem
pjele
pɛlɨ
pjel
pjɛl
pɛlle
kola
au̯rikulam
oreːle
okulum
voli
unɡulam
unɡlə
ɔ̃ɡl
ɔnɡule
ɡenikulum
ʤenoli
luːnam
lunə
luɐ
luna
lyn
løn
lune
luna
steːllam
ɨʃtɾelɐ
əstɛl
etwal
stœl
stɛle
stella
pluwiam
plo̯aje
pluʒə
plɥi
plɛf
ploje
salem
sal
sal
sal
sɛl
saːl
sale
kajlum
θjelo
sɛl
sjɛl
ʧiːl
ʧɛlo
linɡʷam
limbə
lĩɡwɐ
lenɡwa
lɑ̃ɡ
lɛ̃v
lɛnɡe
linɡwa
uldiː
taliaːre
levaːre
lua
lɨvaɾ
ləve
lɛve
levaː
levare
lawaːre
la
lɐvaɾ
labaɾ
lave
lave
lavaː
lavare
inflaːre
umfla
imfla
ɑ̃fle
ẽfle
enflaː
alterum
alt
altɾə
altri
altro
lonɡum
lunɡ
lõɡu
lwenɡo
lɔ̃
lɔ̃
lunk
lunɡo
larɡum
larɡ
laɾɡu
laɾɡo
laʁʒ
laʤ
lark
larɡo
kalidum
kald
kaldu
kaldo
kal
calt
kaldo
pleːnum
plin
plɛ
plɛ̃
plɛ̃
plɛn
wetulum
vjeli
illaːk
la
la
la
la
la
la
m
dominam
do̯amnə
dam
dam
kanem
peːdukulum
arborem
fruːktum
seːmentia
səmɨnʦə
sɨmẽtɨ
simjente
səmen
səmɑ̃s
simẽs
semɛnʧɛ
semente
ɡraːnum
floːrem
herbam
pellem
karnem
sanɡʷinem
ossum
oːwum
kau̯dam
pennam
au̯rikulam
okulum
bukkam
dentem
unɡulam
pedem
ɡenikulum
pantikem
fiːkaːtum
luːnam
steːllam
akʷam
pluwiam
riːwum
mare
mare
maɾ
maɾ
maɾ
mɛʁ
mer
maːr
mare
salem
petram
terram
kajlum
wentum
fokum
montem
munte
mõtɨ
monte
mun
mɔ̃
mɔ̃
mɔnt
monte
noctem
annum
linɡʷam
limbə
simʦi
dormiːre
dormi
duɾmiɾ
doɾmiɾ
duɾmi
dɔʁmiʁ
dwɛʁmi
durmiː
dormire
umfla
imfla
toːtum
alterum
lonɡum
larɡum
krassum
striktum
strɨmt
minuːtum
mənunt
miudu
menudo
mənut
məny
mœnu
minuːt
minuto
kalidum
pleːnum
nowum
wetulum
bonum
rotundum
sikkum
wiːkiːnum
russum
wiridem
niɡrum
uːnum
n
dominam
do̯amnə
donɐ
dɔnə
dɔne
dɔnna
kanem
kɨjne
kan
can
kane
seːmentia
səmɨnʦə
simjente
səmen
semɛnʧɛ
semente
ɡraːnum
ɡɾano
ɡrin
ɡran
ɡrano
karnem
karne
kaɾnɨ
kaɾne
kaɾn
karne
sanɡʷinem
sɨnʤe
sanɡɾe
san
sank
sanɡwe
pennam
panə
penɐ
pɛn
pɛn
pɛne
penna
dentem
dinte
djente
den
dint
dɛnte
unɡulam
unɡje
unɡlə
ɔnɡule
unɡja
ɡenikulum
ʤenunkʲ
inoxo
ʒənoʎ
ʒənu
ʤenoli
ʤinɔkkjo
pantikem
pɨnteʧe
panθa
panʦe
panʧa
luːnam
lunə
luna
ʎunə
lyn
løn
lune
luna
wentum
vɨnt
bjento
ben
vint
vɛnto
montem
munte
monte
mun
mɔnt
monte
noctem
no̯apte
nojtɨ
noʧe
nit
nɥi
nyt
nɔtte
annum
an
ɐnu
an
anno
linɡʷam
lenɡwa
ʎɛnɡwə
lɛnɡe
linɡwa
koɡnoːskere
kuno̯aʃte
konoθeɾ
kunɛʃə
kɔnɛtʁ
kinɔh
konoʃʃere
pensaːre
pensaɾ
pənsa
pensaː
pensare
sentiːre
sentiɾ
sənti
sintiː
sentire
weniːre
veni
beniɾ
bəni
vəniʁ
vini
venire
tornaːre
turna
tuɾnaɾ
toɾnaɾ
turna
tuʁne
turne
tornaː
tornare
teneːre
ʦine
teneɾ
təni
təniʁ
tini
tenere
strinɡere
strɨnʤe
strɛ̃nd
strɛnʤiː
strinʤere
koːnsuere
kantaːre
kɨnta
kantaɾ
kənta
cantaː
kantare
inflaːre
inʧaɾ
enflaː
enfiare
lonɡum
lunɡ
lwenɡo
ʎon
lunk
lunɡo
minuːtum
mənunt
menudo
mənut
məny
mœnu
minuːt
minuto
pleːnum
plin
ʝeno
plɛn
pjɛno
nowum
now
novu
nwebo
nɔw
nœf
nu
nwɔvo
bonum
bun
bweno
bɔn
bwɔno
rotundum
rətund
redondo
tarɔnt
rotondo
wiːkiːnum
veʧin
beθino
viʧin
viʧino
niɡrum
neɡru
neɡɾu
neɣɾo
nɛɡɾə
nwaʁ
nør
neri
nero
uːnum
unu
uno
un
un
uno
kʷiːnkʷe
ʧinʧ
θinko
sink
ʧink
kʷandoː
kɨnd
kwando
kwan
kwand
kwand
kwando
noːn
nu
nɐ̃w
no
no
nɔ̃
nɔ̃
nɔ
non
in
ɨn
en
ən
ɛn
in
in
o
dominam
donɐ
doɲa
pjoʎu
pjoxo
poʎ
pidɔkkjo
arborem
arbore
aɾbol
albero
fɾuto
frutto
ɡɾano
ɡrano
folia
foʎɐ
oxa
floɾ
floɾ
fjore
po
ossum
os
osu
weso
ɔsso
ow
ovu
webo
wɔvo
kola
koda
kabo
kapo
oɾɐʎɐ
oɾexa
oreːle
orekkja
okulum
okʲ
oʎu
oxo
voli
ɔkkjo
bokɐ
boka
bokə
bokka
inoxo
ʒənoʎ
ʤenoli
ʤinɔkkjo
iɡado
feɡato
o
ploje
rio
rio
θjelo
ʧɛlo
bjento
vɛnto
fokum
fok
foɡu
fweɡo
fwɔko
montem
monte
monte
noctem
noʧe
aɲo
anno
ʝo
jo
io
bos
vo
voi
vjodi
oviɾ
oiɾ
koɡnoːskere
konoθeɾ
koɲɔsi
konoʃʃere
dormiːre
dormi
doɾmiɾ
dormire
tornaːre
toɾnaɾ
tornaː
tornare
koseɾ
jokaːre
ʤokare
koreɾ
korə
korrere
tot
todu
todo
tot
tutto
otɾu
otɾo
otʁ
ot
altro
lonɡum
lwenɡo
ʎon
lunɡo
laɾɡo
larɡo
ɡɾaso
ɡrasso
estɾeʧo
stretto
menudo
minuto
kaldo
ʃo
ʧo
kaldo
ʝeno
pjɛno
nowum
now
novu
nwebo
nwɔvo
bjexo
vɛkkjo
bonum
bweno
bwɔno
rotundum
redondo
rədo
rotondo
seko
sekko
beθino
viʧino
roʃu
ʁoʃu
roxo
ros
rosso
neɣɾo
nero
uno
uno
kʷattwor
kwatɾo
kwattro
θinko
kwando
kwando
no
no
non
p
peːdukulum
pədukje
pjoʎu
pjoxo
poʎ
pu
pju
pedoːli
pidɔkkjo
ɔp
jɛp
pellem
pjele
pɛlɨ
pjel
peʎ
po
pɛ
pjɛl
pɛlle
pennam
panə
penɐ
peɲa
pɛɲə
pɛn
pɛn
pɛne
penna
kaput
kap
kap
kapo
pedem
piez
pɛ
pje
pɛw
pje
pi
piːt
pjɛde
pantikem
pɨnteʧe
pɐ̃sɐ
panθa
paɲʃə
pɑ̃s
pɑ̃s
panʦe
panʧa
apə
pluwiam
plo̯aje
pluʒə
plɥi
plɛf
ploje
pjɔdʤa
petram
pjatrə
pɛdɾɐ
pjedɾa
pedɾə
pjɛʁ
pir
pjere
pjɛtra
no̯apte
pensaːre
pəsa
pẽsaɾ
pensaɾ
pənsa
pɑ̃se
pɛ̃se
pensaː
pensare
pleːnum
plin
plɛ
plɛ̃
plɛ̃
plɛn
pjɛno
patru
r
arborem
arbore
arbul
albero
fruːktum
frukt
fryt
frut
frutto
ɡraːnum
ɡrɨw
ɡrin
ɡran
ɡrano
floːrem
flo̯are
flœr
floːr
fjore
herbam
jarbə
jerbe
ɛrba
karnem
karne
ʧɑr
caːr
karne
au̯rikulam
urekje
oreːle
orekkja
riːwum
rɨw
rio
riw
rɛ
riu
rio
mare
mare
mer
maːr
mare
sare
petram
pjatrə
pir
pjere
pjɛtra
terram
ʦarə
tjera
ter
tjɛre
tɛrra
ʧer
sir
bibere
bere
riːdeːre
rɨde
reiɾ
riwɾə
rir
ridi
ridere
wideːre
vedere
au̯diːre
udire
koɡnoːskere
konoʃʃere
pensaːre
pensare
sentiːre
sentire
dormiːre
dormi
durmiː
dormire
battere
battere
taliaːre
taʎʎare
weniːre
venire
jakeːre
ʤir
ʤaʧere
levaːre
levare
tornaːre
turna
turna
turne
tornaː
tornare
kadere
ʧɛr
kadere
teneːre
tenere
strinɡere
strɨnʤe
ɨʃtrĩʒiɾ
strɛ̃nd
strɛnʤiː
strinʤere
lawaːre
lavare
koːnsuere
kuʧire
diːkere
dir
dire
kantaːre
kantare
jokaːre
ʤokare
kurrere
kurʤe
koreɾ
korə
kɔri
kɔri
korrere
inflaːre
enfiare
kreːskere
kreʃte
krɛh
krɛsi
kreʃʃere
alterum
altri
altro
larɡum
larɡ
lark
larɡo
krassum
ɡras
krɑ
ɡras
ɡrasso
striktum
strɨmt
strøː
strɛt
stretto
rotundum
rətund
redondo
rədo
rɔ̃
tarɔnt
rotondo
russum
roʃu
roxo
ros
rɔʤ
rɔs
rosso
wiridem
verde
ver
vɛrt
verde
niɡrum
neɡru
nør
neri
nero
treːs
trej
trɛs
trøs
treː
tre
kʷattwor
patru
kwatri
kwattro
s
seːmentia
səmɨnʦə
sɨmẽtɨ
simjente
səmen
səmɑ̃s
simẽs
semɛnʧɛ
semente
sanɡʷinem
sɨnʤe
sɐ̃ɡɨ
sanɡɾe
san
sɑ̃
sɔ̃ɡ
sank
sanɡwe
ossum
os
osu
weso
ɔs
ɔs
wɛs
ɔsso
pɐ̃sɐ
pɑ̃s
pɑ̃s
steːllam
ste̯a
estɾeʝa
əstɛl
stœl
stɛle
stella
salem
sare
sal
sal
sal
sɛl
se
saːl
sale
sɛw
sɛl
sjɛl
sir
woːs
bos
bus
koɡnoːskere
kuɲɨseɾ
koɲɔsi
pensaːre
pəsa
pẽsaɾ
pensaɾ
pənsa
pɑ̃se
pɛ̃se
pensaː
pensare
sentiːre
simʦi
sẽtiɾ
sentiɾ
sənti
sɑ̃tiʁ
sɛ̃ti
sintiː
sentire
jesi
strinɡere
strɨnʤe
estɾeɲiɾ
əstɾɛɲə
strɛ̃nd
strɛnʤiː
strinʤere
koːnsuere
ko̯ase
koseɾ
kreːskere
kɾɨʃseɾ
krɛsi
krassum
ɡras
ɡɾaso
ɡɾas
ɡras
ɡrasso
striktum
strɨmt
estɾeʧo
əstɾɛt
strøː
strɛt
stretto
sikkum
sek
seku
seko
sɛk
sɛk
sɛʧ
sɛk
sekko
russum
ros
rɔs
rosso
treːs
tɾes
trɛs
trøs
sĩku
sink
sɛ̃k
sɛ̃k
siːk
sĩ
si
si
si
si
si
si
siː
sə
sɨ
si
si
si
si
se
se
t
fruːktum
frukt
fɾutɐ
fɾuto
fɾujt
fryt
frut
frutto
seːmentia
sɨmẽtɨ
simjente
semente
kaput
dentem
dinte
dẽtɨ
djente
dint
dɛnte
piːt
pantikem
pɨnteʧe
fiːkaːtum
fikat
fœt
fiaːt
feɡato
steːllam
ste̯a
ɨʃtɾelɐ
estɾeʝa
əstɛl
etwal
stœl
stɛle
stella
petram
pjatrə
pjɛtra
terram
tɛʁɐ
tjera
tɛɾə
tɛʁ
ter
tjɛre
tɛrra
wentum
vɨnt
vẽtu
bjento
vint
vɛnto
montem
munte
mõtɨ
monte
mɔnt
monte
noctem
no̯apte
nojtɨ
nit
nyt
ɲɔt
nɔtte
tuː
tu
tu
tu
tu
ty
ti
tu
tu
kuno̯aʃte
kɔnɛtʁ
sentiːre
sẽtiɾ
sentiɾ
sənti
sɑ̃tiʁ
sɛ̃ti
sintiː
sentire
battere
bate
bɐteɾ
batiɾ
batɾə
batʁ
bat
bati
battere
taliaːre
təja
tɐʎaɾ
taxaɾ
təʎa
tɑje
tɛji
tajaː
taʎʎare
tornaːre
turna
tuɾnaɾ
toɾnaɾ
turna
tuʁne
turne
tornaː
tornare
teneːre
teɾ
teneɾ
təni
təniʁ
tini
tiɲi
tenere
strinɡere
strɨnʤe
ɨʃtrĩʒiɾ
estɾeɲiɾ
əstɾɛɲə
etʁɛ̃dʁ
strɛ̃nd
strɛnʤiː
strinʤere
kantaːre
kɨnta
kɐ̃taɾ
kantaɾ
kənta
ʃɑ̃te
ʧɑ̃te
cantaː
kantare
kreʃte
kʁwatʁ
toːtum
tot
todu
todo
tot
tu
tɔ
dut
tutto
alterum
alt
otɾu
otɾo
altɾə
otʁ
ot
altri
altro
striktum
strɨmt
ɨʃtɾɐjtu
estɾeʧo
əstɾɛt
etʁwa
strøː
strɛt
stretto
minuːtum
mənunt
mənut
minuːt
minuto
calt
wetulum
rotundum
rətund
tarɔnt
rotondo
bɛɾt
vɛrt
treːs
trej
tɾeʃ
tɾes
trɛs
tʁwɑ
trøs
treː
tre
kʷattwor
patru
kwatɾu
kwatɾo
kwatɾə
katʁ
kwat
kwatri
kwattro
et
u
peːdukulum
pədukje
pjoʎu
pu
pju
aɾvuɾɨ
arbul
fruːktum
frukt
fɾutɐ
fɾuto
fɾujt
frut
frutto
ɡraːnum
fuʎə
ossum
osu
oːwum
ovu
u
kuə
kaput
kabu
au̯rikulam
urekje
uɾɛʎə
okulum
oʎu
uʎ
uj
bukkam
bukə
buʃ
unɡulam
unɡje
uɲɐ
uɲa
unɡlə
ɔnɡule
unɡja
ɡenikulum
ʤenunkʲ
ʒuɐʎu
ʒənu
fiːkaːtum
fiɡɐdu
lunə
luɐ
luna
ʎunə
lune
luna
pluwiam
ʃuvɐ
ʝubja
pluʒə
riːwum
ʁiu
riu
kajlum
wentum
vẽtu
fokum
foɡu
munte
mun
annum
ɐnu
bus
vu
tu
tu
tu
tu
tu
tu
ui
uiʁ
uldiː
udire
kuno̯aʃte
kuɲɨseɾ
kunɛʃə
duɾmiɾ
duɾmi
durmiː
lua
turna
tuɾnaɾ
turna
tuʁne
turne
koːnsuere
kuzeɾ
kuzi
kudʁ
kuzi
kuʧire
ʒuka
ʒuɡaɾ
xuɡaɾ
ʒuɡa
ʤuwe
ʤujaː
kurrere
kurʤe
kuʁeɾ
kuʁiʁ
umfla
toːtum
todu
tu
dut
tutto
alterum
otɾu
lonɡum
lunɡ
lõɡu
lunk
lunɡo
larɡum
laɾɡu
krassum
ɡɾaʃu
striktum
ɨʃtɾɐjtu
minuːtum
mənunt
miudu
menudo
mənut
mœnu
minuto
kalidum
kaldu
pleːnum
ʃɐju
nowum
novu
nu
wetulum
vɐʎu
bonum
bun
rotundum
rətund
ʁɨdõdu
sikkum
seku
wiːkiːnum
vɨziɲu
russum
roʃu
ʁoʃu
ʁu
niɡrum
neɡru
neɡɾu
uːnum
unu
uno
un
un
uno
patru
kwatɾu
sĩku
kwɐ̃du
nu
v
aɾvuɾɨ
ɛɾvɐ
ovu
wɔvo
voli
ʃuvɐ
vɨnt
vẽtu
vɑ̃
vɛ̃
vint
vɛnto
lɛ̃v
voj
vɔʃ
vu
vo
voː
voi
bevi
vede̯a
veɾ
vwaʁ
vɛj
vjodi
vedere
oviɾ
veni
viɾ
vəniʁ
vini
viɲiː
venire
levaːre
lɨvaɾ
ləve
lɛve
levaː
levare
lɐvaɾ
lave
lave
lavaː
lavare
novu
nwɔvo
vekʲ
vɐʎu
vjø
vi
vjeli
vɛkkjo
veʧin
vɨziɲu
vwazɛ̃
vɛhɛ̃
viʧin
viʧino
verde
veɾdɨ
vɛʁ
ver
vɛrt
verde
w
fwee
sanɡwe
weso
wɛs
oːwum
ow
webo
ɔw
wɔvo
kɔw
pɛw
fwa
etwal
aɡwɐ
aɡwa
ajɡwə
ɛw
akkwa
pluwiam
riːwum
rɨw
riw
sɛw
wentum
fweɡo
fwɔko
lĩɡwɐ
lenɡwa
ʎɛnɡwə
linɡwa
jew
ew
woːs
bɛwɾə
bwɑʁ
riwɾə
wideːre
bɛwɾə
vwaʁ
dwɛʁmi
weniːre
ʒawɾə
kawɾə
ʃwaʁ
lawaːre
ʒwe
ʤuwe
kʁwatʁ
lwenɡo
etʁwa
nowum
now
nwebo
nɔw
nwɔvo
wetulum
bweno
bwɔno
wiːkiːnum
vwazɛ̃
wiridem
nwaʁ
tʁwɑ
kʷattwor
kwatɾu
kwatɾo
kwatɾə
kwat
kwatri
kwattro
ʧiŋkwe
kwa
kwɛ
kwɐ̃du
kwando
kwan
kwand
kwand
kwando
x
pjoxo
oxa
oɾexa
oxo
inoxo
taxaɾ
xuɡaɾ
bjexo
roxo
y
fryt
lyn
ʁy
nyt
ty
məny
z
piez
au̯zi
zəʧe̯a
ʒɐzeɾ
ʒeziʁ
kuzeɾ
kuzi
køz
kuzi
ziʧe
dizeɾ
vɨziɲu
vwazɛ̃
õ
mõtɨ
lõɡu
bõ
ʁɨdõdu
ø
kø
løn
fø
bøʁ
køz
vjø
nør
trøs
ĩ
lĩɡwɐ
ɨʃtrĩʒiɾ
ĩʃaɾ
sĩku
sĩ
ŋ
ʧiŋkwe
œ
fœj
flœʁ
flœr
œf
œj
fœt
stœl
fœ
mœnu
nœf
ũ
ũ
ɐ
donɐ
fɾutɐ
foʎɐ
ɛɾvɐ
kau̯dɐ
penɐ
oɾɐʎɐ
bokɐ
uɲɐ
ʒuɐʎu
pɐ̃sɐ
fiɡɐdu
luɐ
ɨʃtɾelɐ
aɡwɐ
ʃuvɐ
pɛdɾɐ
tɛʁɐ
ɐnu
lĩɡwɐ
bɐteɾ
tɐʎaɾ
ʒɐzeɾ
kɐiɾ
lɐvaɾ
vɐʎu
ɐ
ɑ
ʧɑr
bwɑʁ
tɑje
ɡʁɑ
krɑ
tʁwɑ
ɔ
dɔnə
dɔne
dɔnna
pidɔkkjo
ɔp
fɔʎʎa
flɔ
ɔs
ɔs
ɔhɛ
ɔsso
ɔw
wɔvo
kɔw
kɔdɛ
ɔʁej
ɔʀɛj
ɔkkjo
bɔk
bɔcɛ
ɔnɡule
ɲɲɔ
ʤinɔkkjo
pjɔdʤa
fɔk
fwɔko
mɔnt
ɲɔt
nɔtte
ʒɔ
vɔʃ
kɔnɛtʁ
kinɔh
koɲɔsi
dɔʁmiʁ
kɔri
kɔri
tɔ
nɔw
nwɔvo
bɔ
bɔn
bwɔno
tarɔnt
rɔʤ
rɔs
nɔ
ə
do̯amnə
dɔnə
pədukje
abɾə
səmɨnʦə
səmen
səmɑ̃s
fuʎə
jarbə
eɾbə
ko̯adə
kuə
panə
pɛɲə
uɾɛʎə
bukə
bokə
unɡlə
ʒənoʎ
ʒənu
paɲʃə
feʤə
lunə
ʎunə
əstɛl
apə
ajɡwə
pluʒə
pjatrə
pedɾə
ʦarə
tɛɾə
limbə
ʎɛnɡwə
ʒə
bɛwɾə
riwɾə
bɛwɾə
kunɛʃə
pəsa
pənsa
sənti
batɾə
təja
təʎa
bəni
vəniʁ
zəʧe̯a
ʒawɾə
ʎəba
ləve
kəde̯a
kawɾə
təni
təniʁ
əstɾɛɲə
ʎəba
kənta
korə
kɾeʃə
altɾə
əstɾɛt
mənunt
mənut
məny
rətund
rədo
bəi
nɛɡɾə
kwatɾə
əʎa
ən
sə
ɛ
semɛnʧɛ
ɛɾvɐ
ɛʁb
jɛp
ɛrba
pɛlɨ
pɛ
pjɛl
pɛlle
ʃɛʁ
ɔhɛ
wɛs
kɔdɛ
pɛɲə
pɛn
pɛn
pɛne
ʃɛf
uɾɛʎə
bɔcɛ
dɛnte
pɛ
pɛw
pjɛde
əstɛl
stɛle
ɛw
plɛf
rɛ
mɛʁ
sɛl
pɛdɾɐ
pjɛʁ
pjɛtra
tɛʁɐ
tɛɾə
tɛʁ
tjɛre
tɛrra
sɛw
sɛl
sjɛl
ʧɛlo
vɛnto
ʎɛnɡwə
lɛnɡe
bɛwɾə
bɛwɾə
kunɛʃə
kɔnɛtʁ
dwɛʁmi
tɛji
lɛve
ʧɛr
əstɾɛɲə
strɛnʤiː
krɛh
krɛsi
əstɾɛt
strɛt
plɛ
plɛn
pjɛno
vɛkkjo
sɛk
sɛk
sɛʧ
sɛk
vɛhɛ̃
bɛɾt
vɛʁ
vɛrt
nɛɡɾə
trɛs
kɛ
kwɛ
ɛn
ɛ
ɡ
ɡraːnum
ɡrɨw
ɡɾɐ̃w
ɡɾano
ɡɾa
ɡʁɛ̃
ɡrin
ɡran
ɡrano
sɐ̃ɡɨ
sanɡɾe
sɔ̃ɡ
sanɡwe
unɡulam
unɡje
unɡlə
ɔ̃ɡl
ɔ̃ɡ
ɔnɡule
unɡja
ɡenikulum
fiɡɐdu
iɡado
feɡato
aɡwɐ
aɡwa
ajɡwə
aɡe
foɡu
fweɡo
lĩɡwɐ
lenɡwa
ʎɛnɡwə
lɑ̃ɡ
lɛnɡe
linɡwa
eɡoː
koɡnoːskere
strinɡere
ʒuɡaɾ
xuɡaɾ
ʒuɡa
lonɡum
lunɡ
lõɡu
lwenɡo
lunɡo
larɡum
larɡ
laɾɡu
laɾɡo
larɡo
ɡras
ɡɾaʃu
ɡɾaso
ɡɾas
ɡʁɑ
ɡras
ɡrasso
niɡrum
neɡru
neɡɾu
nɛɡɾə
ɣ
neɣɾo
ɥ
fʁɥi
plɥi
nɥi
ɨ
aɾvuɾɨ
səmɨnʦə
sɨmẽtɨ
pɛlɨ
kaɾnɨ
sɨnʤe
sɐ̃ɡɨ
dẽtɨ
pɨnteʧe
ɨʃtɾelɐ
rɨw
vɨnt
mõtɨ
nojtɨ
bɨbeɾ
rɨde
kuɲɨseɾ
lɨvaɾ
strɨnʤe
ɨʃtrĩʒiɾ
kɨnta
kɾɨʃseɾ
strɨmt
ɨʃtɾɐjtu
ʁɨdõdu
vɨziɲu
veɾdɨ
kɨ
kɨnd
ɨn
sɨ
ɲ
doɲa
peɲa
pɛɲə
uɲɐ
uɲa
ɲɲɔ
paɲʃə
ɲɔt
aɲo
aɲ
kuɲɨseɾ
koɲɔsi
viɲiː
tiɲi
estɾeɲiɾ
əstɾɛɲə
ɲuːf
vɨziɲu
ɾ
aɾvuɾɨ
aɾbol
abɾə
fɾutɐ
fɾuto
fɾujt
ɡɾɐ̃w
ɡɾano
ɡɾa
floɾ
floɾ
ɛɾvɐ
ʝeɾba
eɾbə
kaɾnɨ
kaɾne
kaɾn
sanɡɾe
oɾɐʎɐ
oɾexa
uɾɛʎə
ɨʃtɾelɐ
estɾeʝa
maɾ
maɾ
maɾ
pɛdɾɐ
pjedɾa
pedɾə
tɛɾə
bɨbeɾ
bebeɾ
bɛwɾə
ʁiɾ
reiɾ
riwɾə
veɾ
beɾ
bɛwɾə
oviɾ
oiɾ
kuɲɨseɾ
konoθeɾ
pẽsaɾ
pensaɾ
sẽtiɾ
sentiɾ
duɾmiɾ
doɾmiɾ
duɾmi
bɐteɾ
batiɾ
batɾə
tɐʎaɾ
taxaɾ
viɾ
beniɾ
ʒɐzeɾ
ʝaθeɾ
ʒawɾə
lɨvaɾ
ʝebaɾ
tuɾnaɾ
toɾnaɾ
kɐiɾ
kaeɾ
kawɾə
teɾ
teneɾ
ɨʃtrĩʒiɾ
estɾeɲiɾ
əstɾɛɲə
lɐvaɾ
labaɾ
kuzeɾ
koseɾ
dizeɾ
deθiɾ
kɐ̃taɾ
kantaɾ
ʒuɡaɾ
xuɡaɾ
kuʁeɾ
koreɾ
ĩʃaɾ
inʧaɾ
kɾɨʃseɾ
kɾeθeɾ
kɾeʃə
otɾu
otɾo
altɾə
laɾɡu
laɾɡo
ʎaɾk
ɡɾaʃu
ɡɾaso
ɡɾas
ɨʃtɾɐjtu
estɾeʧo
əstɾɛt
veɾdɨ
beɾde
bɛɾt
neɡɾu
neɣɾo
nɛɡɾə
tɾeʃ
tɾes
kwatɾu
kwatɾo
kwatɾə
ʀ
ɔʀɛj
ʁ
aʁbʁ
fʁɥi
ɡʁɛ̃
flœʁ
ɛʁb
ʃɛʁ
ɔʁej
ʁiu
ʁy
mɛʁ
pjɛʁ
tɛʁɐ
tɛʁ
bwɑʁ
bøʁ
ʁiɾ
ʁiʁ
vwaʁ
uiʁ
kɔnɛtʁ
sɑ̃tiʁ
dɔʁmiʁ
dwɛʁmi
batʁ
vəniʁ
ʒeziʁ
tuʁne
ʃwaʁ
təniʁ
etʁɛ̃dʁ
kudʁ
diʁ
kuʁeɾ
kuʁiʁ
kʁwatʁ
otʁ
laʁʒ
ɡʁɑ
etʁwa
ʁɨdõdu
ʁɔ̃
ʁoʃu
ʁu
vɛʁ
nwaʁ
tʁwɑ
katʁ
ʃ
ʃjɛ̃
ʃɛʁ
ʃɛf
buʃ
paɲʃə
ɨʃtɾelɐ
ʃuvɐ
vɔʃ
kuno̯aʃte
kunɛʃə
konoʃʃere
ʃwaʁ
ɨʃtrĩʒiɾ
ʃɑ̃te
ĩʃaɾ
kreʃte
kɾɨʃseɾ
kɾeʃə
kreʃʃere
ɡɾaʃu
ɨʃtɾɐjtu
ʃo
ʃɐju
roʃu
ʁoʃu
tɾeʃ
ʃi
ʎ
pjoʎu
poʎ
foʎɐ
fuʎə
fɔʎʎa
peʎ
oɾɐʎɐ
uɾɛʎə
oʎu
uʎ
ʒuɐʎu
ʒənoʎ
ʎunə
ʎɛnɡwə
tɐʎaɾ
təʎa
taʎʎare
ʎəba
ʎəba
ʎon
ʎaɾk
vɐʎu
beʎ
əʎa
ʒ
ʒuɐʎu
ʒənoʎ
ʒənu
pluʒə
ʒɔ
ʒə
ʒɐzeɾ
ʒawɾə
ʒeziʁ
ɨʃtrĩʒiɾ
ʒuka
ʒuɡaɾ
ʒuɡa
ʒwe
laʁʒ
ʝ
ʝeɾba
estɾeʝa
ʝubja
ʝo
ʝaθeɾ
ʝebaɾ
ʝeno
aʝa
ʤ
sɨnʤe
ʤenunkʲ
ʤenoli
ʤinɔkkjo
feʤə
pjɔdʤa
ʤi
ʤir
ʤaʧere
strɨnʤe
strɛnʤiː
strinʤere
ʤuwe
ʤujaː
ʤokare
kurʤe
laʤ
rɔʤ
ʦ
səmɨnʦə
panʦe
ʦarə
simʦi
ʦine
ʧ
ʧɛ̃
semɛnʧɛ
ʧɑr
ʧiːf
pɨnteʧe
panʧa
ʧer
ʧiːl
ʧɛlo
noʧe
zəʧe̯a
ʤaʧere
ʧɛr
kuʧire
ziʧe
ʧɑ̃te
inʧaɾ
estɾeʧo
ʧo
sɛʧ
veʧin
viʧin
viʧino
ʧinʧ
ʧink
ʧiŋkwe
ʧe
ʧe
θ
panθa
θjelo
konoθeɾ
ʝaθeɾ
deθiɾ
kɾeθeɾ
beθino
θinko
ẽ
sɨmẽtɨ
simẽs
dẽtɨ
vẽtu
pẽsaɾ
sẽtiɾ
ẽfle
Word Lists by Language
Latin
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
dominam
d
o
m
i
n
a
m
Dog
kanem
k
a
n
e
m
Louse
peːdukulum
p
eː
d
u
k
u
l
u
m
Tree
arborem
a
r
b
o
r
e
m
Fruit
fruːktum
f
r
uː
k
t
u
m
Seed-Sementia
seːmentia
s
eː
m
e
n
t
i
a
Seed-Granum
ɡraːnum
ɡ
r
aː
n
u
m
Leaf
folia
f
o
l
i
a
Flower
floːrem
f
l
oː
r
e
m
Grass
herbam
h
e
r
b
a
m
Skin-Pellis
pellem
p
e
l
l
e
m
Meat
karnem
k
a
r
n
e
m
Blood
sanɡʷinem
s
a
n
ɡʷ
i
n
e
m
Bone
ossum
o
s
s
u
m
Egg
oːwum
oː
w
u
m
Tail
kau̯dam
k
au̯
d
a
m
Feather-Penna
pennam
p
e
n
n
a
m
Head-Caput
kaput
k
a
p
u
t
Ear
au̯rikulam
au̯
r
i
k
u
l
a
m
Eye
okulum
o
k
u
l
u
m
Mouth
bukkam
b
u
k
k
a
m
Tooth
dentem
d
e
n
t
e
m
Fingernail
unɡulam
u
n
ɡ
u
l
a
m
Foot
pedem
p
e
d
e
m
Knee-Genuculum
ɡenikulum
ɡ
e
n
i
k
u
l
u
m
Belly-Pantex
pantikem
p
a
n
t
i
k
e
m
Liver
fiːkaːtum
f
iː
k
aː
t
u
m
Moon
luːnam
l
uː
n
a
m
Star
steːllam
s
t
eː
l
l
a
m
Water
akʷam
a
kʷ
a
m
Rain
pluwiam
p
l
u
w
i
a
m
River-Rivus
riːwum
r
iː
w
u
m
Sea
mare
m
a
r
e
Salt
salem
s
a
l
e
m
Stone-Petra
petram
p
e
t
r
a
m
Earth
terram
t
e
r
r
a
m
Sky
kajlum
k
aj
l
u
m
Wind
wentum
w
e
n
t
u
m
Fire-Focus
fokum
f
o
k
u
m
Mountain
montem
m
o
n
t
e
m
Night
noctem
n
o
c
t
e
m
Year
annum
a
n
n
u
m
Tongue
linɡʷam
l
i
n
ɡʷ
a
m
I
eɡoː
e
ɡ
oː
YouPlural
woːs
w
oː
s
YouSingular
tuː
t
uː
ToDrink
bibere
b
i
b
e
r
e
ToLaugh
riːdeːre
r
iː
d
eː
r
e
ToSee
wideːre
w
i
d
eː
r
e
ToHear
au̯diːre
au̯
d
iː
r
e
ToKnow-Cognoscere
koɡnoːskere
k
o
ɡ
n
oː
s
k
e
r
e
ToThink-Pensare
pensaːre
p
e
n
s
aː
r
e
ToSmell-Sentire
sentiːre
s
e
n
t
iː
r
e
ToSleep
dormiːre
d
o
r
m
iː
r
e
ToFight-Battuere
battere
b
a
t
t
e
r
e
ToCut-Taliare
taliaːre
t
a
l
i
aː
r
e
ToCome
weniːre
w
e
n
iː
r
e
ToLieAsInABed-Iacere
jakeːre
j
a
k
eː
r
e
ToStand-Levare
levaːre
l
e
v
aː
r
e
ToTurnIntransitive
tornaːre
t
o
r
n
aː
r
e
ToFall
kadere
k
a
d
e
r
e
ToHold
teneːre
t
e
n
eː
r
e
ToSqueeze-Stringere
strinɡere
s
t
r
i
n
ɡ
e
r
e
ToWash
lawaːre
l
a
w
aː
r
e
ToSew
koːnsuere
k
oː
n
s
u
e
r
e
ToSay
diːkere
d
iː
k
e
r
e
ToSing
kantaːre
k
a
n
t
aː
r
e
ToPlay-Jiocare
jokaːre
j
o
k
aː
r
e
ToFlow-Currere
kurrere
k
u
r
r
e
r
e
ToSwell
inflaːre
i
n
f
l
aː
r
e
ToSwell-Crescere
kreːskere
k
r
eː
s
k
e
r
e
All-Totus
toːtum
t
oː
t
u
m
Other
alterum
a
l
t
e
r
u
m
Long-Longum
lonɡum
l
o
n
ɡ
u
m
Long-Largum
larɡum
l
a
r
ɡ
u
m
Thick
krassum
k
r
a
s
s
u
m
Narrow-Strictus
striktum
s
t
r
i
k
t
u
m
Thin
minuːtum
m
i
n
uː
t
u
m
Warm
kalidum
k
a
l
i
d
u
m
Full
pleːnum
p
l
eː
n
u
m
New
nowum
n
o
w
u
m
Old
wetulum
w
e
t
u
l
u
m
Good
bonum
b
o
n
u
m
Round
rotundum
r
o
t
u
n
d
u
m
Dry
sikkum
s
i
k
k
u
m
Near-Vicinus
wiːkiːnum
w
iː
k
iː
n
u
m
Red
russum
r
u
s
s
u
m
Green
wiridem
w
i
r
i
d
e
m
Black
niɡrum
n
i
ɡ
r
u
m
One
uːnum
uː
n
u
m
Three
treːs
t
r
eː
s
Four
kʷattwor
kʷ
a
t
t
w
o
r
Five
kʷiːnkʷe
kʷ
iː
n
kʷ
e
There
illaːk
i
l
l
aː
k
What
kʷid
kʷ
i
d
When-Quando
kʷandoː
kʷ
a
n
d
oː
Not
noːn
n
oː
n
At
ad
a
d
In-In
in
i
n
And-Et
et
e
t
And-Si
siːk
s
iː
k
If
siː
s
iː
Romanian
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
do̯amnə
d
o̯a
m
n
ə
Dog
kɨjne
k
ɨj
n
e
Louse
pədukje
p
ə
d
u
k
j
e
Tree
arbore
a
r
b
o
r
e
Fruit
frukt
f
r
u
k
t
Seed-Sementia
səmɨnʦə
s
ə
m
ɨ
n
ʦ
ə
Seed-Granum
ɡrɨw
ɡ
r
ɨw
Leaf
fo̯aje
f
o̯a
j
e
Flower
flo̯are
f
l
o̯a
r
e
Grass
jarbə
j
a
r
b
ə
Skin-Pellis
pjele
p
j
e
l
e
Meat
karne
k
a
r
n
e
Blood
sɨnʤe
s
ɨ
n
ʤ
e
Bone
os
o
s
Egg
ow
o
w
Tail
ko̯adə
k
o̯a
d
ə
Feather-Penna
panə
p
a
n
ə
Head-Caput
kap
k
a
p
Ear
urekje
u
r
e
k
j
e
Eye
okʲ
o
kʲ
Mouth
bukə
b
u
k
ə
Tooth
dinte
d
i
n
t
e
Fingernail
unɡje
u
n
ɡ
j
e
Foot
piez
p
i
e
z
Knee-Genuculum
ʤenunkʲ
ʤ
e
n
u
n
kʲ
Belly-Pantex
pɨnteʧe
p
ɨ
n
t
e
ʧ
e
Liver
fikat
f
i
k
a
t
Moon
lunə
l
u
n
ə
Star
ste̯a
s
t
e̯a
Water
apə
a
p
ə
Rain
plo̯aje
p
l
o̯a
j
e
River-Rivus
rɨw
r
ɨ
w
Sea
mare
m
a
r
e
Salt
sare
s
a
r
e
Stone-Petra
pjatrə
p
j
a
t
r
ə
Earth
ʦarə
ʦ
a
r
ə
Sky
ʧer
ʧ
e
r
Wind
vɨnt
v
ɨ
n
t
Fire-Focus
fok
f
o
k
Mountain
munte
m
u
n
t
e
Night
no̯apte
n
o̯a
p
t
e
Year
an
a
n
Tongue
limbə
l
i
m
b
ə
I
jew
j
e
w
YouPlural
voj
v
oj
YouSingular
tu
t
u
ToDrink
be̯a
b
e̯a
ToLaugh
rɨde
r
ɨ
d
e
ToSee
vede̯a
v
e
d
e̯a
ToHear
au̯zi
au̯
z
i
ToKnow-Cognoscere
kuno̯aʃte
k
u
n
o̯a
ʃ
t
e
ToThink-Pensare
pəsa
p
ə
s
a
ToSmell-Sentire
simʦi
s
i
m
ʦ
i
ToSleep
dormi
d
o
r
m
i
ToFight-Battuere
bate
b
a
t
e
ToCut-Taliare
təja
t
ə
j
a
ToCome
veni
v
e
n
i
ToLieAsInABed-Iacere
zəʧe̯a
z
ə
ʧ
e̯a
ToStand-Levare
lua
l
u
a
ToTurnIntransitive
turna
t
u
r
n
a
ToFall
kəde̯a
k
ə
d
e̯a
ToHold
ʦine
ʦ
i
n
e
ToSqueeze-Stringere
strɨnʤe
s
t
r
ɨ
n
ʤ
e
ToWash
la
l
a
ToSew
ko̯ase
k
o̯a
s
e
ToSay
ziʧe
z
i
ʧ
e
ToSing
kɨnta
k
ɨ
n
t
a
ToPlay-Jiocare
ʒuka
ʒ
u
k
a
ToFlow-Currere
kurʤe
k
u
r
ʤ
e
ToSwell
umfla
u
m
f
l
a
ToSwell-Crescere
kreʃte
k
r
e
ʃ
t
e
All-Totus
tot
t
o
t
Other
alt
a
l
t
Long-Longum
lunɡ
l
u
n
ɡ
Long-Largum
larɡ
l
a
r
ɡ
Thick
ɡras
ɡ
r
a
s
Narrow-Strictus
strɨmt
s
t
r
ɨ
m
t
Thin
mənunt
m
ə
n
u
n
t
Warm
kald
k
a
l
d
Full
plin
p
l
i
n
New
now
n
o
w
Old
vekʲ
v
e
kʲ
Good
bun
b
u
n
Round
rətund
r
ə
t
u
n
d
Dry
sek
s
e
k
Near-Vicinus
veʧin
v
e
ʧ
i
n
Red
roʃu
r
o
ʃ
u
Green
verde
v
e
r
d
e
Black
neɡru
n
e
ɡ
r
u
One
unu
u
n
u
Three
trej
t
r
ej
Four
patru
p
a
t
r
u
Five
ʧinʧ
ʧ
i
n
ʧ
There
la
l
a
What
ʧe
ʧ
e
When-Quando
kɨnd
k
ɨ
n
d
Not
nu
n
u
At
a
a
In-In
ɨn
ɨ
n
And-Et
je
j
e
And-Si
ʃi
ʃ
i
If
sə
s
ə
Portuguese
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
donɐ
d
o
n
ɐ
Dog
kɐ̃w
k
w
w
Louse
pjoʎu
p
j
o
ʎ
u
Tree
aɾvuɾɨ
a
ɾ
v
u
ɾ
ɨ
Fruit
fɾutɐ
f
ɾ
u
t
ɐ
Seed-Sementia
sɨmẽtɨ
s
ɨ
m
ẽ
t
ɨ
Seed-Granum
ɡɾɐ̃w
ɡ
ɾ
w
w
Leaf
foʎɐ
f
o
ʎ
ɐ
Flower
floɾ
f
l
o
ɾ
Grass
ɛɾvɐ
ɛ
ɾ
v
ɐ
Skin-Pellis
pɛlɨ
p
ɛ
l
ɨ
Meat
kaɾnɨ
k
a
ɾ
n
ɨ
Blood
sɐ̃ɡɨ
s
ɐ̃
ɡ
ɨ
Bone
osu
o
s
u
Egg
ovu
o
v
u
Tail
kau̯dɐ
k
au̯
d
ɐ
Feather-Penna
penɐ
p
e
n
ɐ
Head-Caput
kabu
k
a
b
u
Ear
oɾɐʎɐ
o
ɾ
ɐ
ʎ
ɐ
Eye
oʎu
o
ʎ
u
Mouth
bokɐ
b
o
k
ɐ
Tooth
dẽtɨ
d
ẽ
t
ɨ
Fingernail
uɲɐ
u
ɲ
ɐ
Foot
pɛ
p
ɛ
Knee-Genuculum
ʒuɐʎu
ʒ
u
ɐ
ʎ
u
Belly-Pantex
pɐ̃sɐ
p
ɐ̃
s
ɐ
Liver
fiɡɐdu
f
i
ɡ
ɐ
d
u
Moon
luɐ
l
u
ɐ
Star
ɨʃtɾelɐ
ɨ
ʃ
t
ɾ
e
l
ɐ
Water
aɡwɐ
a
ɡ
w
ɐ
Rain
ʃuvɐ
ʃ
u
v
ɐ
River-Rivus
ʁiu
ʁ
i
u
Sea
maɾ
m
a
ɾ
Salt
sal
s
a
l
Stone-Petra
pɛdɾɐ
p
ɛ
d
ɾ
ɐ
Earth
tɛʁɐ
t
ɛ
ʁ
ɐ
Sky
sɛw
s
ɛ
w
Wind
vẽtu
v
ẽ
t
u
Fire-Focus
foɡu
f
o
ɡ
u
Mountain
mõtɨ
m
õ
t
ɨ
Night
nojtɨ
n
oj
t
ɨ
Year
ɐnu
ɐ
n
u
Tongue
lĩɡwɐ
l
ĩ
ɡ
w
ɐ
I
ew
e
w
YouPlural
vɔʃ
v
ɔ
ʃ
YouSingular
tu
t
u
ToDrink
bɨbeɾ
b
ɨ
b
e
ɾ
ToLaugh
ʁiɾ
ʁ
i
ɾ
ToSee
veɾ
v
e
ɾ
ToHear
oviɾ
o
v
i
ɾ
ToKnow-Cognoscere
kuɲɨseɾ
k
u
ɲ
ɨ
s
e
ɾ
ToThink-Pensare
pẽsaɾ
p
ẽ
s
a
ɾ
ToSmell-Sentire
sẽtiɾ
s
ẽ
t
i
ɾ
ToSleep
duɾmiɾ
d
u
ɾ
m
i
ɾ
ToFight-Battuere
bɐteɾ
b
ɐ
t
e
ɾ
ToCut-Taliare
tɐʎaɾ
t
ɐ
ʎ
a
ɾ
ToCome
viɾ
v
i
ɾ
ToLieAsInABed-Iacere
ʒɐzeɾ
ʒ
ɐ
z
e
ɾ
ToStand-Levare
lɨvaɾ
l
ɨ
v
a
ɾ
ToTurnIntransitive
tuɾnaɾ
t
u
ɾ
n
a
ɾ
ToFall
kɐiɾ
k
ɐ
i
ɾ
ToHold
teɾ
t
e
ɾ
ToSqueeze-Stringere
ɨʃtrĩʒiɾ
ɨ
ʃ
t
r
ĩ
ʒ
i
ɾ
ToWash
lɐvaɾ
l
ɐ
v
a
ɾ
ToSew
kuzeɾ
k
u
z
e
ɾ
ToSay
dizeɾ
d
i
z
e
ɾ
ToSing
kɐ̃taɾ
k
ɐ̃
t
a
ɾ
ToPlay-Jiocare
ʒuɡaɾ
ʒ
u
ɡ
a
ɾ
ToFlow-Currere
kuʁeɾ
k
u
ʁ
e
ɾ
ToSwell
ĩʃaɾ
ĩ
ʃ
a
ɾ
ToSwell-Crescere
kɾɨʃseɾ
k
ɾ
ɨ
ʃ
s
e
ɾ
All-Totus
todu
t
o
d
u
Other
otɾu
o
t
ɾ
u
Long-Longum
lõɡu
l
õ
ɡ
u
Long-Largum
laɾɡu
l
a
ɾ
ɡ
u
Thick
ɡɾaʃu
ɡ
ɾ
a
ʃ
u
Narrow-Strictus
ɨʃtɾɐjtu
ɨ
ʃ
t
ɾ
ɐj
t
u
Thin
miudu
m
i
u
d
u
Warm
kaldu
k
a
l
d
u
Full
ʃɐju
ʃ
ɐj
u
New
novu
n
o
v
u
Old
vɐʎu
v
ɐ
ʎ
u
Good
bõ
b
õ
Round
ʁɨdõdu
ʁ
ɨ
d
õ
d
u
Dry
seku
s
e
k
u
Near-Vicinus
vɨziɲu
v
ɨ
z
i
ɲ
u
Red
ʁoʃu
ʁ
o
ʃ
u
Green
veɾdɨ
v
e
ɾ
d
ɨ
Black
neɡɾu
n
e
ɡ
ɾ
u
One
ũ
ũ
Three
tɾeʃ
t
ɾ
e
ʃ
Four
kwatɾu
k
w
a
t
ɾ
u
Five
sĩku
s
ĩ
k
u
There
la
l
a
What
kɨ
k
ɨ
When-Quando
kwɐ̃du
k
w
ɐ̃
d
u
Not
nɐ̃w
n
w
w
At
ɐ
ɐ
In-In
ɐ̃j
ɐ̃j
And-Et
i
i
And-Si
sĩ
s
ĩ
If
sɨ
s
ɨ
Spanish
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
doɲa
d
o
ɲ
a
Dog
kan
k
a
n
Louse
pjoxo
p
j
o
x
o
Tree
aɾbol
a
ɾ
b
o
l
Fruit
fɾuto
f
ɾ
u
t
o
Seed-Sementia
simjente
s
i
m
j
e
n
t
e
Seed-Granum
ɡɾano
ɡ
ɾ
a
n
o
Leaf
oxa
o
x
a
Flower
floɾ
f
l
o
ɾ
Grass
ʝeɾba
ʝ
e
ɾ
b
a
Skin-Pellis
pjel
p
j
e
l
Meat
kaɾne
k
a
ɾ
n
e
Blood
sanɡɾe
s
a
n
ɡ
ɾ
e
Bone
weso
w
e
s
o
Egg
webo
w
e
b
o
Tail
kola
k
o
l
a
Feather-Penna
peɲa
p
e
ɲ
a
Head-Caput
kabo
k
a
b
o
Ear
oɾexa
o
ɾ
e
x
a
Eye
oxo
o
x
o
Mouth
boka
b
o
k
a
Tooth
djente
d
j
e
n
t
e
Fingernail
uɲa
u
ɲ
a
Foot
pje
p
j
e
Knee-Genuculum
inoxo
i
n
o
x
o
Belly-Pantex
panθa
p
a
n
θ
a
Liver
iɡado
i
ɡ
a
d
o
Moon
luna
l
u
n
a
Star
estɾeʝa
e
s
t
ɾ
e
ʝ
a
Water
aɡwa
a
ɡ
w
a
Rain
ʝubja
ʝ
u
b
j
a
River-Rivus
rio
r
i
o
Sea
maɾ
m
a
ɾ
Salt
sal
s
a
l
Stone-Petra
pjedɾa
p
j
e
d
ɾ
a
Earth
tjera
t
j
e
r
a
Sky
θjelo
θ
j
e
l
o
Wind
bjento
b
j
e
n
t
o
Fire-Focus
fweɡo
f
w
e
ɡ
o
Mountain
monte
m
o
n
t
e
Night
noʧe
n
o
ʧ
e
Year
aɲo
a
ɲ
o
Tongue
lenɡwa
l
e
n
ɡ
w
a
I
ʝo
ʝ
o
YouPlural
bos
b
o
s
YouSingular
tu
t
u
ToDrink
bebeɾ
b
e
b
e
ɾ
ToLaugh
reiɾ
r
e
i
ɾ
ToSee
beɾ
b
e
ɾ
ToHear
oiɾ
o
i
ɾ
ToKnow-Cognoscere
konoθeɾ
k
o
n
o
θ
e
ɾ
ToThink-Pensare
pensaɾ
p
e
n
s
a
ɾ
ToSmell-Sentire
sentiɾ
s
e
n
t
i
ɾ
ToSleep
doɾmiɾ
d
o
ɾ
m
i
ɾ
ToFight-Battuere
batiɾ
b
a
t
i
ɾ
ToCut-Taliare
taxaɾ
t
a
x
a
ɾ
ToCome
beniɾ
b
e
n
i
ɾ
ToLieAsInABed-Iacere
ʝaθeɾ
ʝ
a
θ
e
ɾ
ToStand-Levare
ʝebaɾ
ʝ
e
b
a
ɾ
ToTurnIntransitive
toɾnaɾ
t
o
ɾ
n
a
ɾ
ToFall
kaeɾ
k
a
e
ɾ
ToHold
teneɾ
t
e
n
e
ɾ
ToSqueeze-Stringere
estɾeɲiɾ
e
s
t
ɾ
e
ɲ
i
ɾ
ToWash
labaɾ
l
a
b
a
ɾ
ToSew
koseɾ
k
o
s
e
ɾ
ToSay
deθiɾ
d
e
θ
i
ɾ
ToSing
kantaɾ
k
a
n
t
a
ɾ
ToPlay-Jiocare
xuɡaɾ
x
u
ɡ
a
ɾ
ToFlow-Currere
koreɾ
k
o
r
e
ɾ
ToSwell
inʧaɾ
i
n
ʧ
a
ɾ
ToSwell-Crescere
kɾeθeɾ
k
ɾ
e
θ
e
ɾ
All-Totus
todo
t
o
d
o
Other
otɾo
o
t
ɾ
o
Long-Longum
lwenɡo
l
w
e
n
ɡ
o
Long-Largum
laɾɡo
l
a
ɾ
ɡ
o
Thick
ɡɾaso
ɡ
ɾ
a
s
o
Narrow-Strictus
estɾeʧo
e
s
t
ɾ
e
ʧ
o
Thin
menudo
m
e
n
u
d
o
Warm
kaldo
k
a
l
d
o
Full
ʝeno
ʝ
e
n
o
New
nwebo
n
w
e
b
o
Old
bjexo
b
j
e
x
o
Good
bweno
b
w
e
n
o
Round
redondo
r
e
d
o
n
d
o
Dry
seko
s
e
k
o
Near-Vicinus
beθino
b
e
θ
i
n
o
Red
roxo
r
o
x
o
Green
beɾde
b
e
ɾ
d
e
Black
neɣɾo
n
e
ɣ
ɾ
o
One
uno
u
n
o
Three
tɾes
t
ɾ
e
s
Four
kwatɾo
k
w
a
t
ɾ
o
Five
θinko
θ
i
n
k
o
There
aʝa
a
ʝ
a
What
ke
k
e
When-Quando
kwando
k
w
a
n
d
o
Not
no
n
o
At
a
a
In-In
en
e
n
And-Et
i
i
And-Si
si
s
i
If
si
s
i
Catalan
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
dɔnə
d
ɔ
n
ə
Dog
ka
k
a
Louse
poʎ
p
o
ʎ
Tree
abɾə
a
b
ɾ
ə
Fruit
fɾujt
f
ɾ
u
j
t
Seed-Sementia
səmen
s
ə
m
e
n
Seed-Granum
ɡɾa
ɡ
ɾ
a
Leaf
fuʎə
f
u
ʎ
ə
Flower
flɔ
f
l
ɔ
Grass
eɾbə
e
ɾ
b
ə
Skin-Pellis
peʎ
p
e
ʎ
Meat
kaɾn
k
a
ɾ
n
Blood
san
s
a
n
Bone
ɔs
ɔ
s
Egg
ɔw
ɔ
w
Tail
kuə
k
u
ə
Feather-Penna
pɛɲə
p
ɛ
ɲ
ə
Head-Caput
kap
k
a
p
Ear
uɾɛʎə
u
ɾ
ɛ
ʎ
ə
Eye
uʎ
u
ʎ
Mouth
bokə
b
o
k
ə
Tooth
den
d
e
n
Fingernail
unɡlə
u
n
ɡ
l
ə
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pɛw
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ə
n
o
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paɲʃə
p
a
ɲ
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ə
Liver
feʤə
f
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ə
Moon
ʎunə
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n
ə
Star
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ə
s
t
ɛ
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Water
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ɡ
w
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Rain
pluʒə
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l
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River-Rivus
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Sea
maɾ
m
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Salt
sal
s
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l
Stone-Petra
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d
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Earth
tɛɾə
t
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Sky
sɛl
s
ɛ
l
Wind
ben
b
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n
Fire-Focus
fɔk
f
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k
Mountain
mun
m
u
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Night
nit
n
i
t
Year
aɲ
a
ɲ
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n
ɡ
w
ə
I
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bus
b
u
s
YouSingular
tu
t
u
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bɛwɾə
b
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w
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riwɾə
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i
w
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w
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batɾə
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turna
t
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l
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t
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t
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mənut
m
ə
n
u
t
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kal
k
a
l
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plɛ
p
l
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w
Old
beʎ
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b
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r
ə
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o
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sɛk
s
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ə
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ros
r
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s
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b
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t
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n
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ɾ
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One
un
u
n
Three
trɛs
t
r
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s
Four
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k
w
a
t
ɾ
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sink
s
i
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k
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əʎa
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a
What
kɛ
k
ɛ
When-Quando
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k
w
a
n
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no
n
o
At
a
a
In-In
ən
ə
n
And-Et
i
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And-Si
si
s
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If
si
s
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French
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
dam
d
a
m
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pu
p
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Tree
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p
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Blood
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Tooth
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Foot
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ə
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Belly-Pantex
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Moon
lyn
l
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Star
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w
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Water
o
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Rain
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l
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River-Rivus
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Sea
mɛʁ
m
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Salt
sɛl
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tɛʁ
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Sky
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j
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Wind
vɑ̃
v
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Fire-Focus
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f
ø
Mountain
mɔ̃
m
ɔ̃
Night
nɥi
n
ɥ
i
Year
ɑ̃
ɑ̃
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lɑ̃ɡ
l
ɑ̃
ɡ
I
ʒə
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ə
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vu
v
u
YouSingular
ty
t
y
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b
w
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vwaʁ
v
w
a
ʁ
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uiʁ
u
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kɔnɛtʁ
k
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n
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t
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pɑ̃se
p
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sɑ̃tiʁ
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i
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m
i
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t
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vəniʁ
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l
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tuʁne
t
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t
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t
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t
ʁ
w
a
Thin
məny
m
ə
n
y
Warm
ʃo
ʃ
o
Full
plɛ̃
p
l
ɛ̃
New
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n
œ
f
Old
vjø
v
j
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bɔ̃
b
ɔ̃
Round
ʁɔ̃
ʁ
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Dry
sɛk
s
ɛ
k
Near-Vicinus
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v
w
a
z
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Red
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u
Green
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v
ɛ
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Black
nwaʁ
n
w
a
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One
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œ̃
Three
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t
ʁ
w
ɑ
Four
katʁ
k
a
t
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Five
sɛ̃k
s
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k
There
la
l
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What
kwa
k
w
a
When-Quando
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k
ɑ̃
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nɔ̃
n
ɔ̃
At
a
a
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ɑ̃
ɑ̃
And-Et
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e
And-Si
si
s
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If
si
s
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Walloon
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
dam
d
a
m
Dog
ʧɛ̃
ʧ
ɛ̃
Louse
pju
p
j
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Tree
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Fruit
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f
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u
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p
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Head-Caput
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Foot
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f
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t
Moon
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mer
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ter
t
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Sky
sir
s
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vɛ̃
v
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Fire-Focus
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f
œ
Mountain
mɔ̃
m
ɔ̃
Night
nyt
n
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t
Year
ɑ̃
ɑ̃
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lɛ̃v
l
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v
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vo
v
o
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ti
t
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b
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Warm
ʧo
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plɛ̃
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l
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New
nu
n
u
Old
vi
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Round
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k
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a
a
In-In
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ɛ
n
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si
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Friulian
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
dɔne
d
ɔ
n
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Dog
can
c
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Louse
pedoːli
p
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Tree
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a
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b
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l
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f
r
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t
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m
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f
w
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f
l
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l
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c
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s
a
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k
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w
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Head-Caput
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l
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Eye
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v
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d
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Fingernail
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n
ɡ
u
l
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Foot
piːt
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t
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e
n
o
l
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Belly-Pantex
panʦe
p
a
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Liver
fiaːt
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lune
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u
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Star
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l
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maːr
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Salt
saːl
s
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t
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Sky
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Wind
vint
v
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Fire-Focus
fuːk
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k
Mountain
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m
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t
Night
ɲɔt
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t
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an
a
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lɛnɡe
l
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n
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jo
j
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YouPlural
voː
v
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tu
t
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b
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r
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v
j
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bɔn
b
ɔ
n
Round
tarɔnt
t
a
r
ɔ
n
t
Dry
sɛk
s
ɛ
k
Near-Vicinus
viʧin
v
i
ʧ
i
n
Red
rɔs
r
ɔ
s
Green
vɛrt
v
ɛ
r
t
Black
neri
n
e
r
i
One
un
u
n
Three
treː
t
r
eː
Four
kwatri
k
w
a
t
r
i
Five
ʧink
ʧ
i
n
k
There
la
l
a
What
ʧe
ʧ
e
When-Quando
kwand
k
w
a
n
d
Not
nɔ
n
ɔ
At
a
a
In-In
in
i
n
And-Et
e
e
And-Si
si
s
i
If
se
s
e
Italian
Cognate
IPA
Segments
Woman-Domina
dɔnna
d
ɔ
n
n
a
Dog
kane
k
a
n
e
Louse
pidɔkkjo
p
i
d
ɔ
k
k
j
o
Tree
albero
a
l
b
e
r
o
Fruit
frutto
f
r
u
t
t
o
Seed-Sementia
semente
s
e
m
e
n
t
e
Seed-Granum
ɡrano
ɡ
r
a
n
o
Leaf
fɔʎʎa
f
ɔ
ʎ
ʎ
a
Flower
fjore
f
j
o
r
e
Grass
ɛrba
ɛ
r
b
a
Skin-Pellis
pɛlle
p
ɛ
l
l
e
Meat
karne
k
a
r
n
e
Blood
sanɡwe
s
a
n
ɡ
w
e
Bone
ɔsso
ɔ
s
s
o
Egg
wɔvo
w
ɔ
v
o
Tail
koda
k
o
d
a
Feather-Penna
penna
p
e
n
n
a
Head-Caput
kapo
k
a
p
o
Ear
orekkja
o
r
e
k
k
j
a
Eye
ɔkkjo
ɔ
k
k
j
o
Mouth
bokka
b
o
k
k
a
Tooth
dɛnte
d
ɛ
n
t
e
Fingernail
unɡja
u
n
ɡ
j
a
Foot
pjɛde
p
j
ɛ
d
e
Knee-Genuculum
ʤinɔkkjo
ʤ
i
n
ɔ
k
k
j
o
Belly-Pantex
panʧa
p
a
n
ʧ
a
Liver
feɡato
f
e
ɡ
a
t
o
Moon
luna
l
u
n
a
Star
stella
s
t
e
l
l
a
Water
akkwa
a
k
k
w
a
Rain
pjɔdʤa
p
j
ɔ
d
ʤ
a
River-Rivus
rio
r
i
o
Sea
mare
m
a
r
e
Salt
sale
s
a
l
e
Stone-Petra
pjɛtra
p
j
ɛ
t
r
a
Earth
tɛrra
t
ɛ
r
r
a
Sky
ʧɛlo
ʧ
ɛ
l
o
Wind
vɛnto
v
ɛ
n
t
o
Fire-Focus
fwɔko
f
w
ɔ
k
o
Mountain
monte
m
o
n
t
e
Night
nɔtte
n
ɔ
t
t
e
Year
anno
a
n
n
o
Tongue
linɡwa
l
i
n
ɡ
w
a
I
io
i
o
YouPlural
voi
v
o
i
YouSingular
tu
t
u
ToDrink
bere
b
e
r
e
ToLaugh
ridere
r
i
d
e
r
e
ToSee
vedere
v
e
d
e
r
e
ToHear
udire
u
d
i
r
e
ToKnow-Cognoscere
konoʃʃere
k
o
n
o
ʃ
ʃ
e
r
e
ToThink-Pensare
pensare
p
e
n
s
a
r
e
ToSmell-Sentire
sentire
s
e
n
t
i
r
e
ToSleep
dormire
d
o
r
m
i
r
e
ToFight-Battuere
battere
b
a
t
t
e
r
e
ToCut-Taliare
taʎʎare
t
a
ʎ
ʎ
a
r
e
ToCome
venire
v
e
n
i
r
e
ToLieAsInABed-Iacere
ʤaʧere
ʤ
a
ʧ
e
r
e
ToStand-Levare
levare
l
e
v
a
r
e
ToTurnIntransitive
tornare
t
o
r
n
a
r
e
ToFall
kadere
k
a
d
e
r
e
ToHold
tenere
t
e
n
e
r
e
ToSqueeze-Stringere
strinʤere
s
t
r
i
n
ʤ
e
r
e
ToWash
lavare
l
a
v
a
r
e
ToSew
kuʧire
k
u
ʧ
i
r
e
ToSay
dire
d
i
r
e
ToSing
kantare
k
a
n
t
a
r
e
ToPlay-Jiocare
ʤokare
ʤ
o
k
a
r
e
ToFlow-Currere
korrere
k
o
r
r
e
r
e
ToSwell
enfiare
e
n
f
i
a
r
e
ToSwell-Crescere
kreʃʃere
k
r
e
ʃ
ʃ
e
r
e
All-Totus
tutto
t
u
t
t
o
Other
altro
a
l
t
r
o
Long-Longum
lunɡo
l
u
n
ɡ
o
Long-Largum
larɡo
l
a
r
ɡ
o
Thick
ɡrasso
ɡ
r
a
s
s
o
Narrow-Strictus
stretto
s
t
r
e
t
t
o
Thin
minuto
m
i
n
u
t
o
Warm
kaldo
k
a
l
d
o
Full
pjɛno
p
j
ɛ
n
o
New
nwɔvo
n
w
ɔ
v
o
Old
vɛkkjo
v
ɛ
k
k
j
o
Good
bwɔno
b
w
ɔ
n
o
Round
rotondo
r
o
t
o
n
d
o
Dry
sekko
s
e
k
k
o
Near-Vicinus
viʧino
v
i
ʧ
i
n
o
Red
rosso
r
o
s
s
o
Green
verde
v
e
r
d
e
Black
nero
n
e
r
o
One
uno
u
n
o
Three
tre
t
r
e
Four
kwattro
k
w
a
t
t
r
o
Five
ʧiŋkwe
ʧ
i
ŋ
k
w
e
There
la
l
a
What
ke
k
e
When-Quando
kwando
k
w
a
n
d
o
Not
non
n
o
n
At
a
a
In-In
in
i
n
And-Et
e
e
And-Si
si
s
i
If
se
s
e
Segment Groups
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Vowel
Front
Near-Front
Central
Near-Back
Back
Close
i
•
y
ɨ
u
NearClose
CloseMid
e
•
ø
ə
o
Mid
OpenMid
ɛ
•
œ
ɔ
NearOpen
ɐ
Open
a
ɑ
High
Long-Vowel
Front
Near-Front
Central
Near-Back
Back
Close
iː
uː
NearClose
CloseMid
Mid
eː
oː
OpenMid
NearOpen
Open
øː
aː
High
Nasal-Vowel
Front
Near-Front
Central
Near-Back
Back
Close
ĩ
ẽ
NearClose
ɑ̃
CloseMid
õ
Mid
OpenMid
ɛ̃
ɔ̃
NearOpen
ɐ̃
Open
ũ
High
Long-Nasal-Vowel
Front
Near-Front
Central
Near-Back
Back
Close
NearClose
CloseMid
Mid
OpenMid
NearOpen
Open
High
Vowel-Diphthong
Front
Near-Front
Central
Near-Back
Back
Close
ɨj
•
ɨw
NearClose
CloseMid
oj
Mid
ej
OpenMid
ɛj
ɔj
NearOpen
aj
ɐj
Open
au̯
High
Nasal-Vowel-Diphthong
Front
Near-Front
Central
Near-Back
Back
Close
NearClose
CloseMid
Mid
OpenMid
œ̃
NearOpen
ɐ̃j
Open
ɐ̃w
High
Vowel-Non-Sylabic
Front
Near-Front
Central
Near-Back
Back
Close
NearClose
CloseMid
Mid
OpenMid
NearOpen
Open
High
Vowel-Diphthong-Non-Sylabic
Front
Near-Front
Central
Near-Back
Back
Close
NearClose
CloseMid
e̯a
o̯a
Mid
OpenMid
NearOpen
Open
High
Pulmonic Consonants
Manner
Bilabial
Labial
Labial-
Velar
Labial-
Palatal
Labio-
Dental
Linguo-
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Alveolo-
Palatal
Post-
Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Palato-
Alveolar
Velar
Uvular
eal-
eal-Epigl
ottal
Glottal
Nasal
Stop
Nasal
m
n
ɲ
ŋ
Stop
p
b
ɡʷ
kʷ
d
t
c
k
ɡ
Sibilant
Fricative
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
Fricative
v
f
θ
ʝ
x
ɣ
ʁ
h
Approximant
j
Tap/Flap
ɾ
Trill
r
ʀ
Lateral
Fricative
Lateral
Approximant
l
ʎ
Lateral
TapFlap
Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible. Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a modally voiced
consonant.
Non-Pulmonic Consonants
Manner
Bilabial
Labial
Labial-
Velar
Labial-
Palatal
Labio-
Dental
Linguo-
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Alveolo-
Palatal
Post-
Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Palato-
Alveolar
Velar
Uvular
eal-
eal-Epigl
ottal
Glottal
Stop
kʲ
Ejective
Stop
Ejective
Fricative
Ejective
Lateral
Fricative
Tenuis
Click
Nasal
Click
Tenuis
Lateral
Click
Implosive
Lateral
Approximant
Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible. Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a modally voiced
consonant.
Pulmonic Affricates
Manner
Bilabial
Labial
Labial-
Velar
Labial-
Palatal
Labio-
Dental
Linguo-
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Alveolo-
Palatal
Post-
Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Palato-
Alveolar
Velar
Uvular
eal-
eal-Epigl
ottal
Glottal
Sibilant
ʦ
ʧ
Lateral
Voiced
Non-Sibilant
Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible.
Ejective Affricates
Manner
Bilabial
Labial
Labial-
Velar
Labial-
Palatal
Labio-
Dental
Linguo-
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Alveolo-
Palatal
Post-
Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Palato-
Alveolar
Velar
Uvular
eal-
eal-Epigl
ottal
Glottal
Central
Lateral
Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible.
Other Segments
ɥ
Labial-Palatal Vocoid Semivowel Voiced Approximant
Continuant Palatalized Labial
w
Labial-Velar Vocoid Semivowel Voiced Approximant Continuant
Labial Velar
ʤ
Palato-Alveolar Voiced Sibilant Affricate
Concepts Used
Woman-Domina
Dog
Louse
Latin
d
o
m
i
n
a
m
k
-
a
n
e
m
p
-
eː
d
u
-
k
u
l
u
m
Romanian
d
o̯a
m
-
n
ə
-
k
-
ɨj
n
e
-
p
-
ə
d
u
-
k
-
j
e
-
Portuguese
d
o
-
-
n
ɐ
-
k
-
w
w
-
-
-
p
j
-
-
o
-
-
-
ʎ
u
-
Spanish
d
o
ɲ
-
-
a
-
k
-
a
n
-
-
p
j
-
-
o
-
x
-
-
o
-
Catalan
d
ɔ
-
-
n
ə
-
k
-
a
-
-
-
p
-
o
-
-
-
-
ʎ
-
-
French
d
a
m
-
-
-
-
ʃ
j
ɛ̃
-
-
-
p
-
u
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Walloon
d
a
m
-
-
-
-
ʧ
-
ɛ̃
-
-
-
p
j
u
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Friulian
d
ɔ
-
-
n
e
-
c
-
a
n
-
-
p
-
e
d
oː
-
-
l
i
-
Italian
d
ɔ
n
-
n
a
-
k
-
a
n
e
-
p
-
i
d
ɔ
k
k
-
j
o
-
Tree
Fruit
Seed-Sementia
Latin
a
r
b
o
r
e
m
f
r
uː
-
k
t
u
m
s
eː
m
-
e
n
t
i
a
Romanian
a
r
b
o
r
e
-
f
r
u
-
k
t
-
-
s
ə
m
-
ɨ
n
ʦ
ə
-
Portuguese
a
ɾ
v
u
ɾ
ɨ
-
f
ɾ
u
-
-
t
ɐ
-
s
ɨ
m
-
ẽ
-
t
ɨ
-
Spanish
a
ɾ
b
o
l
-
-
f
ɾ
u
-
-
t
o
-
s
i
m
j
e
n
t
e
-
Catalan
a
-
b
-
ɾ
ə
-
f
ɾ
u
j
-
t
-
-
s
ə
m
-
e
n
-
-
-
French
a
ʁ
b
-
ʁ
-
-
f
ʁ
ɥ
i
-
-
-
-
s
ə
m
-
ɑ̃
-
s
-
-
Walloon
ɔ
-
p
-
-
-
-
f
r
y
-
-
t
-
-
s
i
m
-
ẽ
-
s
-
-
Friulian
a
r
b
u
l
-
-
f
r
u
-
-
t
-
-
s
e
m
-
ɛ
n
ʧ
ɛ
-
Italian
a
l
b
e
r
o
-
f
r
u
-
t
t
o
-
s
e
m
-
e
n
t
e
-
Seed-Granum
Leaf
Flower
Latin
ɡ
r
aː
n
u
m
f
-
o
l
i
a
f
l
oː
r
e
m
Romanian
ɡ
r
ɨw
-
-
-
f
-
o̯a
-
j
e
f
l
o̯a
r
e
-
Portuguese
ɡ
ɾ
w
w
-
-
f
-
o
ʎ
-
ɐ
f
l
o
ɾ
-
-
Spanish
ɡ
ɾ
a
n
o
-
-
-
o
x
-
a
f
l
o
ɾ
-
-
Catalan
ɡ
ɾ
a
-
-
-
f
-
u
ʎ
-
ə
f
l
ɔ
-
-
-
French
ɡ
ʁ
ɛ̃
-
-
-
f
-
œ
j
-
-
f
l
œ
ʁ
-
-
Walloon
ɡ
r
i
n
-
-
f
-
ɔj
-
-
f
l
œ
r
-
-
Friulian
ɡ
r
a
n
-
-
f
w
e
-
-
e
f
l
oː
r
-
-
Italian
ɡ
r
a
n
o
-
f
-
ɔ
ʎ
ʎ
a
f
j
o
r
e
-
Grass
Skin-Pellis
Meat
Latin
-
h
e
r
b
a
m
p
-
e
l
l
e
m
k
a
r
n
e
m
Romanian
j
-
a
r
b
ə
-
p
j
e
-
l
e
-
k
a
r
n
e
-
Portuguese
-
-
ɛ
ɾ
v
ɐ
-
p
-
ɛ
-
l
ɨ
-
k
a
ɾ
n
ɨ
-
Spanish
ʝ
-
e
ɾ
b
a
-
p
j
e
-
l
-
-
k
a
ɾ
n
e
-
Catalan
-
-
e
ɾ
b
ə
-
p
-
e
-
ʎ
-
-
k
a
ɾ
n
-
-
French
-
-
ɛ
ʁ
b
-
-
p
-
o
-
-
-
-
ʃ
ɛ
ʁ
-
-
-
Walloon
j
-
ɛ
-
p
-
-
p
ɛ
-
-
-
-
ʧ
ɑ
r
-
-
-
Friulian
j
-
e
r
b
e
-
p
j
ɛ
-
l
-
-
c
aː
r
-
-
Italian
-
-
ɛ
r
b
a
-
p
-
ɛ
l
l
e
-
k
a
r
n
e
-
Blood
Bone
Egg
Latin
s
a
n
ɡʷ
-
i
n
e
m
-
o
s
s
u
m
-
oː
w
u
m
Romanian
s
ɨ
n
ʤ
-
e
-
-
-
-
o
-
s
-
-
-
o
w
-
-
Portuguese
s
ɐ̃
-
ɡ
-
ɨ
-
-
-
-
o
-
s
u
-
-
o
v
u
-
Spanish
s
a
n
ɡ
-
-
ɾ
e
-
w
e
-
s
o
-
w
e
b
o
-
Catalan
s
a
n
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ɔ
-
s
-
-
-
ɔ
w
-
-
French
s
ɑ̃
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ɔ
-
s
-
-
-
œ
f
-
-
Walloon
s
ɔ̃
-
ɡ
-
-
-
-
-
-
ɔ
-
h
ɛ
-
-
u
-
-
-
Friulian
s
a
n
k
-
-
-
-
-
w
ɛ
-
s
-
-
-
uː
f
-
-
Italian
s
a
n
ɡ
w
e
-
-
-
-
ɔ
s
s
o
-
w
ɔ
v
o
-
Tail
Feather-Penna
Head-Caput
Latin
k
au̯
d
a
m
p
e
n
n
a
m
k
a
p
u
t
Romanian
k
o̯a
d
ə
-
p
a
-
n
ə
-
k
a
p
-
-
Portuguese
k
au̯
d
ɐ
-
p
e
-
n
ɐ
-
k
a
b
u
-
Spanish
k
o
l
a
-
p
e
-
ɲ
a
-
k
a
b
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k
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p
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k
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French
k
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p
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n
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k
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k
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k
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k
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Latin
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r
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k
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k
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k
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Portuguese
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Spanish
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k
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k
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Tooth
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Latin
d
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Portuguese
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Spanish
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p
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Latin
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k
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k
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p
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Moon
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Latin
l
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l
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kʷ
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l
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l
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l
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l
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l
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l
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l
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k
k
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Rain
River-Rivus
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Latin
p
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w
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m
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p
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Portuguese
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p
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r
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French
p
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f
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p
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p
j
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m
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Salt
Stone-Petra
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Latin
s
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l
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p
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Spanish
s
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l
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p
j
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p
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t
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Sky
Wind
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Latin
k
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l
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w
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f
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k
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m
Romanian
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v
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θ
j
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f
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s
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l
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b
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k
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v
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l
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v
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f
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k
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Mountain
Night
Year
Latin
m
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t
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m
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c
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m
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n
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m
Romanian
m
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n
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p
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Portuguese
m
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n
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Spanish
m
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m
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m
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Friulian
m
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m
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n
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t
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Tongue
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Latin
l
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m
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w
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l
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j
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l
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w
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w
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Spanish
l
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l
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l
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l
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w
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Latin
t
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b
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Romanian
t
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t
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b
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Spanish
t
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b
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t
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b
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French
t
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t
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t
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Italian
t
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b
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d
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ToSee
ToHear
ToKnow-Cognoscere
Latin
w
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d
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k
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k
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v
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k
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v
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v
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k
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b
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k
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b
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k
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v
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k
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ToThink-Pensare
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Latin
p
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p
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p
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p
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p
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p
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p
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ToFight-Battuere
ToCut-Taliare
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Latin
b
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b
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b
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-
-
v
i
n
i
-
-
Friulian
b
a
-
t
i
-
-
t
a
-
-
j
aː
-
-
v
i
ɲ
iː
-
Italian
b
a
t
t
e
r
e
t
a
-
ʎ
ʎ
a
r
e
v
e
n
i
r
e
ToLieAsInABed-Iacere
ToStand-Levare
ToTurnIntransitive
Latin
j
a
-
k
eː
r
e
l
e
v
aː
r
e
t
o
r
n
aː
r
e
Romanian
z
ə
-
ʧ
e̯a
-
-
l
-
u
a
-
-
t
u
r
n
a
-
-
Portuguese
ʒ
ɐ
-
z
e
ɾ
-
l
ɨ
v
a
ɾ
-
t
u
ɾ
n
a
ɾ
-
Spanish
ʝ
a
-
θ
e
ɾ
-
ʝ
e
b
a
ɾ
-
t
o
ɾ
n
a
ɾ
-
Catalan
ʒ
a
w
-
-
ɾ
ə
ʎ
ə
b
a
-
-
t
u
r
n
a
-
French
ʒ
e
-
z
i
ʁ
-
l
ə
v
e
-
-
t
u
ʁ
n
e
-
-
Walloon
ʤ
i
-
-
-
r
-
l
ɛ
v
e
-
-
t
u
r
n
e
-
Friulian
j
e
-
s
i
-
-
l
e
v
aː
-
-
t
o
r
n
aː
-
-
Italian
ʤ
a
-
ʧ
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
r
e
t
o
r
n
a
r
e
ToFall
ToHold
ToSqueeze-Stringere
Latin
k
-
a
d
e
r
e
t
e
n
eː
r
e
-
s
t
r
i
n
ɡ
e
r
e
Romanian
k
-
ə
d
e̯a
-
-
ʦ
i
n
e
-
-
-
s
t
r
ɨ
n
ʤ
e
-
-
Portuguese
k
-
ɐ
-
i
ɾ
-
t
e
-
-
ɾ
-
ɨ
ʃ
t
r
ĩ
-
ʒ
i
ɾ
-
Spanish
k
-
a
-
e
ɾ
-
t
e
n
e
ɾ
-
e
s
t
ɾ
e
ɲ
-
i
ɾ
-
Catalan
k
-
a
w
-
ɾ
ə
t
ə
n
i
-
-
ə
s
t
ɾ
ɛ
ɲ
-
ə
-
-
French
ʃ
w
a
-
-
ʁ
-
t
ə
n
i
ʁ
-
e
-
t
ʁ
ɛ̃
-
d
-
ʁ
-
Walloon
ʧ
-
ɛ
-
-
r
-
t
i
n
i
-
-
-
s
t
r
ɛ̃
n
d
-
-
Friulian
c
-
a
d
e
-
-
t
i
ɲ
i
-
-
-
s
t
r
ɛ
n
ʤ
iː
-
-
Italian
k
-
a
d
e
r
e
t
e
n
e
r
e
-
s
t
r
i
n
ʤ
e
r
e
ToWash
ToSew
ToSay
Latin
l
a
w
aː
r
e
k
oː
n
-
s
u
e
r
e
d
iː
k
e
r
e
Romanian
l
a
-
-
-
-
k
o̯a
-
-
s
-
e
-
-
z
i
ʧ
e
-
-
Portuguese
l
ɐ
v
a
ɾ
-
k
u
-
-
z
-
e
ɾ
-
d
i
z
e
ɾ
-
Spanish
l
a
b
a
ɾ
-
k
o
-
-
s
-
e
ɾ
-
d
e
θ
i
ɾ
-
Catalan
ʎ
ə
b
a
-
-
k
u
-
-
z
-
i
-
-
d
i
-
-
-
-
French
l
a
v
e
-
-
k
u
-
d
-
-
-
ʁ
-
d
i
-
-
ʁ
-
Walloon
l
a
v
e
-
-
k
ø
-
-
z
-
-
-
-
d
i
-
-
r
-
Friulian
l
a
v
aː
-
-
k
u
-
-
z
-
i
-
-
d
iː
-
-
-
-
Italian
l
a
v
a
r
e
k
u
-
-
ʧ
-
i
r
e
d
i
-
-
r
e
ToSing
ToPlay-Jiocare
ToFlow-Currere
Latin
k
a
n
t
aː
r
e
j
o
-
k
aː
r
e
k
u
r
r
e
r
e
Romanian
k
ɨ
n
t
a
-
-
ʒ
u
-
k
a
-
-
k
u
r
ʤ
e
-
-
Portuguese
k
ɐ̃
-
t
a
ɾ
-
ʒ
u
-
ɡ
a
ɾ
-
k
u
-
ʁ
e
ɾ
-
Spanish
k
a
n
t
a
ɾ
-
x
u
-
ɡ
a
ɾ
-
k
o
-
r
e
ɾ
-
Catalan
k
ə
n
t
a
-
-
ʒ
u
-
ɡ
a
-
-
k
o
-
r
ə
-
-
French
ʃ
ɑ̃
-
t
e
-
-
ʒ
-
w
-
e
-
-
k
u
-
ʁ
i
ʁ
-
Walloon
ʧ
ɑ̃
-
t
e
-
-
ʤ
u
w
-
e
-
-
k
ɔ
-
r
i
-
-
Friulian
c
a
n
t
aː
-
-
ʤ
u
j
-
aː
-
-
k
ɔ
-
r
i
-
-
Italian
k
a
n
t
a
r
e
ʤ
o
-
k
a
r
e
k
o
r
r
e
r
e
ToSwell
ToSwell-Crescere
All-Totus
Latin
i
n
f
l
aː
r
e
k
r
-
eː
s
k
e
r
e
t
oː
-
t
u
m
Romanian
u
m
f
l
a
-
-
k
r
-
e
ʃ
t
e
-
-
t
o
-
t
-
-
Portuguese
ĩ
-
ʃ
-
a
ɾ
-
k
ɾ
-
ɨ
ʃ
s
e
ɾ
-
t
o
-
d
u
-
Spanish
i
n
ʧ
-
a
ɾ
-
k
ɾ
-
e
θ
-
e
ɾ
-
t
o
-
d
o
-
Catalan
i
m
f
l
a
-
-
k
ɾ
-
e
-
ʃ
ə
-
-
t
o
-
t
-
-
French
ɑ̃
-
f
l
e
-
-
k
ʁ
w
a
-
t
-
ʁ
-
t
u
-
-
-
-
Walloon
ẽ
-
f
l
e
-
-
k
r
-
ɛ
h
-
-
-
-
t
ɔ
-
-
-
-
Friulian
e
n
f
l
aː
-
-
k
r
-
ɛ
s
-
i
-
-
d
u
-
t
-
-
Italian
e
n
f
i
a
r
e
k
r
-
e
ʃ
ʃ
e
r
e
t
u
t
t
o
-
Other
Long-Longum
Long-Largum
Latin
a
l
t
e
r
u
m
l
-
o
n
ɡ
u
m
l
a
r
ɡ
u
m
Romanian
a
l
t
-
-
-
-
l
-
u
n
ɡ
-
-
l
a
r
ɡ
-
-
Portuguese
o
-
t
-
ɾ
u
-
l
-
õ
-
ɡ
u
-
l
a
ɾ
ɡ
u
-
Spanish
o
-
t
-
ɾ
o
-
l
w
e
n
ɡ
o
-
l
a
ɾ
ɡ
o
-
Catalan
a
l
t
-
ɾ
ə
-
ʎ
-
o
n
-
-
-
ʎ
a
ɾ
k
-
-
French
o
-
t
-
ʁ
-
-
l
-
ɔ̃
-
-
-
-
l
a
ʁ
ʒ
-
-
Walloon
o
-
t
-
-
-
-
l
-
ɔ̃
-
-
-
-
l
a
-
ʤ
-
-
Friulian
a
l
t
-
r
i
-
l
-
u
n
k
-
-
l
a
r
k
-
-
Italian
a
l
t
-
r
o
-
l
-
u
n
ɡ
o
-
l
a
r
ɡ
o
-
Thick
Narrow-Strictus
Thin
Latin
k
r
a
s
s
u
m
-
s
t
r
-
i
-
k
t
u
m
m
i
n
uː
-
t
u
m
Romanian
ɡ
r
a
s
-
-
-
-
s
t
r
-
ɨ
m
-
t
-
-
m
ə
n
u
n
t
-
-
Portuguese
ɡ
ɾ
a
-
ʃ
u
-
ɨ
ʃ
t
ɾ
-
ɐj
-
-
t
u
-
m
i
-
u
-
d
u
-
Spanish
ɡ
ɾ
a
-
s
o
-
e
s
t
ɾ
-
e
-
-
ʧ
o
-
m
e
n
u
-
d
o
-
Catalan
ɡ
ɾ
a
-
s
-
-
ə
s
t
ɾ
-
ɛ
-
-
t
-
-
m
ə
n
u
-
t
-
-
French
ɡ
ʁ
ɑ
-
-
-
-
e
-
t
ʁ
w
a
-
-
-
-
-
m
ə
n
y
-
-
-
-
Walloon
k
r
ɑ
-
-
-
-
-
s
t
r
-
øː
-
-
-
-
-
m
œ
n
u
-
-
-
-
Friulian
ɡ
r
a
s
-
-
-
-
s
t
r
-
ɛ
-
-
t
-
-
m
i
n
uː
-
t
-
-
Italian
ɡ
r
a
s
s
o
-
-
s
t
r
-
e
-
t
t
o
-
m
i
n
u
-
t
o
-
Warm
Full
New
Latin
k
a
l
i
d
u
m
p
l
eː
n
u
m
n
-
o
w
u
m
Romanian
k
a
l
-
d
-
-
p
l
i
n
-
-
n
-
o
w
-
Portuguese
k
a
l
-
d
u
-
ʃ
-
ɐj
-
u
-
n
-
o
v
u
-
Spanish
k
a
l
-
d
o
-
-
ʝ
e
n
o
-
n
w
e
b
o
-
Catalan
k
a
l
-
-
-
-
p
l
ɛ
-
-
-
n
-
ɔ
w
-
-
French
ʃ
o
-
-
-
-
-
p
l
ɛ̃
-
-
-
n
-
œ
f
-
-
Walloon
ʧ
o
-
-
-
-
-
p
l
ɛ̃
-
-
-
n
-
u
-
-
-
Friulian
c
a
l
-
t
-
-
p
l
ɛ
n
-
-
ɲ
-
uː
f
-
Italian
k
a
l
-
d
o
-
p
j
ɛ
n
o
-
n
w
ɔ
v
o
-
Old
Good
Round
Latin
w
-
e
t
u
l
u
-
m
b
-
o
n
u
m
r
o
t
u
n
d
u
m
Romanian
v
-
e
kʲ
b
-
u
n
-
-
r
ə
t
u
n
d
-
-
Portuguese
v
-
ɐ
-
-
ʎ
u
b
-
õ
-
-
-
ʁ
ɨ
d
õ
-
d
u
-
Spanish
b
j
e
x
o
b
w
e
n
o
-
r
e
d
o
n
d
o
-
Catalan
b
-
e
-
-
ʎ
b
-
ɔ
-
-
-
r
ə
d
o
-
-
-
-
French
v
j
ø
b
-
ɔ̃
-
-
-
ʁ
ɔ̃
-
-
-
-
-
-
Walloon
v
i
b
-
ɔ̃
-
-
-
r
ɔ̃
-
-
-
-
-
-
Friulian
v
j
e
-
-
l
i
b
-
ɔ
n
-
-
t
a
r
ɔ
n
t
-
-
Italian
v
-
ɛ
k
-
k
j
o
b
w
ɔ
n
o
-
r
o
t
o
n
d
o
-
Dry
Near-Vicinus
Red
Latin
s
i
k
k
u
m
w
-
iː
k
iː
n
u
m
r
u
s
s
u
m
Romanian
s
e
k
-
-
-
v
-
e
ʧ
i
n
-
-
r
o
-
ʃ
u
-
Portuguese
s
e
-
k
u
-
v
-
ɨ
z
i
ɲ
u
-
ʁ
o
-
ʃ
u
-
Spanish
s
e
-
k
o
-
b
-
e
θ
i
n
o
-
r
o
-
x
o
-
Catalan
s
ɛ
k
-
-
-
b
-
ə
-
i
-
-
-
r
o
-
s
-
-
French
s
ɛ
-
k
-
-
v
w
a
z
ɛ̃
-
-
-
ʁ
u
-
-
-
-
Walloon
s
ɛ
-
ʧ
-
-
v
-
ɛ
h
ɛ̃
-
-
-
r
ɔ
ʤ
-
-
-
Friulian
s
ɛ
-
k
-
-
v
-
i
ʧ
i
n
-
-
r
ɔ
-
s
-
-
Italian
s
e
k
k
o
-
v
-
i
ʧ
i
n
o
-
r
o
s
s
o
-
Green
Black
One
Latin
w
i
r
i
d
e
m
n
-
i
ɡ
r
u
m
uː
n
u
m
Romanian
v
e
r
-
d
e
-
n
-
e
ɡ
r
u
-
u
n
u
-
Portuguese
v
e
ɾ
-
d
ɨ
-
n
-
e
ɡ
ɾ
u
-
ũ
-
-
-
Spanish
b
e
ɾ
-
d
e
-
n
-
e
ɣ
ɾ
o
-
u
n
o
-
Catalan
b
ɛ
ɾ
-
t
-
-
n
-
ɛ
ɡ
ɾ
ə
-
u
n
-
-
French
v
ɛ
ʁ
-
-
-
-
n
w
a
-
ʁ
-
-
œ̃
-
-
-
Walloon
v
e
r
-
-
-
-
n
-
ø
-
r
-
-
ɔ̃
-
-
-
Friulian
v
ɛ
r
-
t
-
-
n
-
e
-
r
i
-
u
n
-
-
Italian
v
e
r
-
d
e
-
n
-
e
-
r
o
-
u
n
o
-
Three
Four
Five
Latin
t
r
-
eː
s
kʷ
-
a
t
t
w
o
r
-
kʷ
iː
n
kʷ
-
e
Romanian
t
r
-
ej
-
p
-
a
-
t
-
-
r
u
ʧ
i
n
ʧ
-
-
Portuguese
t
ɾ
-
e
ʃ
k
w
a
-
t
-
-
ɾ
u
s
ĩ
-
k
-
u
Spanish
t
ɾ
-
e
s
k
w
a
-
t
-
-
ɾ
o
θ
i
n
k
-
o
Catalan
t
r
-
ɛ
s
k
w
a
-
t
-
-
ɾ
ə
s
i
n
k
-
-
French
t
ʁ
w
ɑ
-
k
-
a
-
t
-
-
ʁ
-
s
ɛ̃
-
k
-
-
Walloon
t
r
-
ø
s
k
w
a
-
t
-
-
-
-
s
ɛ̃
-
k
-
-
Friulian
t
r
-
eː
-
k
w
a
-
t
-
-
r
i
ʧ
i
n
k
-
-
Italian
t
r
-
e
-
k
w
a
t
t
-
-
r
o
ʧ
i
ŋ
k
w
e
There
What
When-Quando
Latin
i
l
l
aː
k
kʷ
-
i
d
kʷ
-
a
n
d
oː
Romanian
-
-
l
a
-
ʧ
-
e
-
k
-
ɨ
n
d
-
Portuguese
-
-
l
a
-
k
-
ɨ
-
k
w
ɐ̃
-
d
u
Spanish
a
-
ʝ
a
-
k
-
e
-
k
w
a
n
d
o
Catalan
ə
-
ʎ
a
-
k
-
ɛ
-
k
w
a
n
-
-
French
-
-
l
a
-
k
w
a
-
k
-
ɑ̃
-
-
-
Walloon
-
-
l
a
-
k
w
ɛ
-
k
w
a
n
d
-
Friulian
-
-
l
a
-
ʧ
-
e
-
k
w
a
n
d
-
Italian
-
-
l
a
-
k
-
e
-
k
w
a
n
d
o
Not
At
In-In
Latin
n
oː
n
a
d
i
n
Romanian
n
u
-
a
-
ɨ
n
Portuguese
n
w
w
-
ɐ
-
ɐ̃j
-
Spanish
n
o
-
a
-
e
n
Catalan
n
o
-
a
-
ə
n
French
n
ɔ̃
-
a
-
ɑ̃
-
Walloon
n
ɔ̃
-
a
-
ɛ
n
Friulian
n
ɔ
-
a
-
i
n
Italian
n
o
n
a
-
i
n
And-Et
And-Si
If
Latin
-
e
t
s
iː
k
s
iː
Romanian
j
e
-
ʃ
i
-
s
ə
Portuguese
-
i
-
s
ĩ
-
s
ɨ
Spanish
-
i
-
s
i
-
s
i
Catalan
-
i
-
s
i
-
s
i
French
-
e
-
s
i
-
s
i
Walloon
-
ɛ
-
s
i
-
s
i
Friulian
-
e
-
s
i
-
s
e
Italian
-
e
-
s
i
-
s
e